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Monday, November 16, 2020
MCQs On A Midsummer Night's Dream
Thursday, October 29, 2020
Friday, October 09, 2020
Wednesday, October 07, 2020
AUXILIARY VERB ( PART -30)
Auxiliary Verb
Primary auxiliary 2. Modal auxiliary
To be will, shall, should, would, can,
To have could, may, might, must, need
To do dare, ought to, used to.
To Be (is, am, are, was, were )
Is/am/are( v1 ) was/were (v2 ) been (v3)
Rule.1:- They are used in the simple present and simple past of passive voice.
Examples
1. This book is written by me. (Passive voice of simple present)
2. These assignments were completed by her. (Passive voice of simple past)
Rule.2:- ‘Be’ followed by an infinitive, is also used.
Examples
1. She is to get married the next week.
2. You were to write your name at the top of each sheet.
Rule.3:-‘ Be’ is also used in the past tense with the perfect infinitive to indicate an act that was decided but not completed.
Examples
1. They were to be appointed last week but had to be postponed their appointment until Diwali (use ‘to have been’ instead of ‘to be’)
2. They were to be married last month but had to be postponed their marriage until September. (use ‘to have been’ in the place of ‘to be’ )
To have (have, has, had)
Have/has v1 had v2 had v3
Rule.1:- They are used in (the both present and past) perfect and perfect continuous tense.
Examples
1. She has gone bankrupt.
2. He had been squandering time on computer for a long time.
Rule.2:- It is also used with the infinitive to express obligation or compulsion.
Examples
1. You have to be there by 10 o’ clock. (present)
2. She had to go to Delhi yesterday. (past)
3. You will have to ring me up in the morning. (future)
Rule.3:- They are used as both main verb and auxiliary verb.
Examples
1. He has taken his lunch.
He has had his lunch. (present perfect)
2. He took his lunch 10 minutes ago.
He had his lunch 10 minute ago.(simple past)
3. He had taken his lunch.
He had had his lunch. (past perfect)
4. He will have taken his lunch.
He will have had his lunch.(future perfect)
Rule.4:- With ‘Do, Does, Did’ we always use have. (not has or had)
Examples
1. Does your father has grey hair? (use ‘have’ instead of ‘has’)
2. He did not had to go to Mumbai. (use ‘have’ instead of ‘had)
3. Do they have to pay tax? (correct)
To do (do, does, did)
Do/does (v1) did (v2) done (v3)
Rule.1:- It is used to avoid the repetition of a verb.
Examples
1. He does not like her, neither I do. (incorrect)
2. He does not like her, neither do I.(correct)
3. His father does not support him, nor do his brother. (incorrect)
4. His father does not support him, nor does his brother. (correct)
5. He eats fish and so do I. (correct)
Rule.2:- It is also used to emphasize a sentence affirmatively.
Examples
1. Her mother tells her not to go out in the night but she do go. (incorrect)
2. Her mother tells her not to go out in the night but she does go. (correct)
3. You did commit to help me out in all the circumstances. (correct)
Modal Auxiliary
Will, shall, should, would, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, ought to, used to.
Must and ought to
Rule.1:- ‘Must’ is used to express necessity or obligation.
Examples
1. You must improve your spelling.
2. We must get up early in the morning.
Rule.2:-‘ Must’ is also used for strong possibility.
Example
1. I forgot to take my book today it must be on the table.
Rule.3:- ‘Must’ is often used when the obligation comes from the speaker, if the obligation comes from somewhere else ‘have to’ is used.
Examples
1. I must be on diet. (it’s my opinion)
2. I have to be on diet. ( the doctor has told me to be on diet)
Rule.4:- ‘Must’ can also express a logical certainty.
Examples
1. Living in such crowded conditions must be difficult. (I am sure it’s difficult)
2. You must have told a lie to me. (I am sure you have told a lie)
Ought to
Rule.1:- ‘Ought to’ is used to express moral obligation or desirability.
Examples
1. We ought to love our neighbour.
2. We ought to help the poor.
Rule.2:- ‘Ought to’ can also be used to express probability.
Examples
1. This book ought to be very useful.
2. She stays in five-star-hotels and travel by air, she ought to be a very rich girl.
Used to and would
Rule.1:- Both ‘used to and would’ are used to describe a past habitual action.
Examples
1. He used to get up early in the morning when he was in Shimla.
or
2. He would get up early in the morning when he was in Shimla.
Rule.2:- “Is , am, are + used to + v1 +ing” is used to describe a present habitual action.
Examples
1. I am used to get up early in the morning. (incorrect)
2. I am used to getting up early in the morning. (correct)
Could and might
Rule.1:- ‘Could and might’ are the past form of ‘can and may’.
Examples
1. Sonia said, “Mohan can/ may qualify the exam”. (direct)
2. Sonia said that Mohan could/ might qualify the exam. (indirect)
Rule.2:- They are also used for probability /possibility.
Examples
1. It can be dangerous to drive fast in the city. (30%-40%)
2. It may be dangerous to drive fast in the city. (20%-30%)
3. It could be dangerous to drive fast in the city. (10%-20%)
4. It might be dangerous to drive fast in the city. (0% -10%)
Rule.3:- They are also used for permission.
Examples
1. May I use your phone? (official / formal)
2. Can I use your phone? (friend, family / informal)
3. Could I use your phone? (less known person / more formal)
4. Might I use your phone? (unknown person)
Could have and might have
Rule.1:- They are used to describe a past possibility or ability.
Examples
1. You could have come yesterday.
2. It might have rained last night.
Should
Rule.1:-‘ Should’ is used as the past equivalent of ‘shall’.
Examples
1. He said, “She shall be 25 next year”. (direct)
2. He said that he should be 25 next year.(indirect)
3. They expected that I should get the first prize
Rule.2:- ‘Should’ is used with all persons to express duty or obligation.
Examples
1. We should obey the laws.
2. You should keep your promises.
3. We should love our country.
Rule.3:- ‘Should’ is also used for advice or suggestion.
Example
1. You should go to Delhi on Monday to meet your brother.
Rule.4:- ‘Should’ is also used for supposition in future.
Examples
1. Should you not get up early in the morning, you will miss the train.
Or
2. If you do not get up early in the morning, you will miss the train.
3. Should it rain, he will not come to my home for dinner.
or
4. If It rains, he will not come to my home for dinner.
Rule.5:- ‘Should have + v3’ is used to describe an action that was decided in the past but not implemented.
Examples
1. You should have got your marriage registered.
2. You should have gone to Delhi last month to meet your brother.
Would
Rule.1:-‘ Would’ is used as the past equivalent of ‘will’.
Examples
1. He said, “She will get the first prize”. (direct)
2. He said that she would get the first prize”. (Indirect)
3. He would swim across the river when he was young.
Rule.3:- ‘Would + sub + v1’ is used for a polite form of request.
Examples
1. Would you like to have a cup of coffee with me?
2. Would you like to accompany me to the market?
Rule.4:- ‘Would’ is also used in an imaginary sentence.
Example
1. If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky without any fear.
Rule.5:- ‘Would have + v3’ is used in the past conditionals to talk about something that did not happen.
Examples
1. If he had seen you there, he would have been very angry with you.
or
2. Had he seen you there, he would have been very angry with you.
3. If my bike had not run out of petrol on the way, I would have reached school on time.
or
4. Had my bike not run out of petrol on the way, I would have reached school on time.
Ought to have
It is used to tell that the right action was not done in the past.
Examples
1. You ought to have listened to the warnings.
2. I ought to have taken the money.
Need
Need as a main verb, It has normal forms.
Need (v1) needed (v2) needed ( v3)
Affirmative Sentence
Examples
1. Your shoes need to be cleaned properly. (simple present)
2. Your shoes needed to be cleaned properly. (simple past)
3. He needs five hundred rupees. (simple present)
Negative & interrogative
Examples
1. You do not need to clean your shoes.
2. Do you need to clean your shoes?
Need is used as an auxiliary verb in the both negative and interrogative sentence.
Examples
1. You need not to clean your shoes. (incorrect)
2. You need not clean your shoes?
3. Need you to clean your shoes? (incorrect)
4. Need you clean your shoes? (correct)
Dare
It is also used as both main verb and auxiliary verb.
Examples
1. She dare not go out in the night. (auxiliary verb)
2. She does not dare to go out in the night. (main verb)
3. Dare she go out in the night? (auxiliary verb)
4. Does she dare to go out in the night? (main verb)
‘Dare and need’ are used in the present and future tense.
‘Dare / need + have + v3 is used in the past tense.
Examples
1. You need not have scolded your brother. (means- you did not need to scold your brother)
2. Need you have bought a novel for him? (means- did you need to buy a novel for him?)
When we use ‘have’ with these modals, they give the meaning of past tense.
Would have, should have, could have, might have, must have, ought to have, need have, dare have.
Examples
1. You should have lodged a complaint to the police against him.
2. If your car had not broken on the way, you could have reached on time.
When we use ‘have’ with these modals, they give the meaning of present or future.
May have, can have, will have, shall have.
Examples
1. He will have lunch with me tomorrow.
2. You can have this pen.
Monday, October 05, 2020
CONJUNCTION EXERCISE ( PART- 29)
Directions(Q.1-50): Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is “No error” the answer is ‘E'.(Ignore errors of punctuation if any.)
Conjunction
1. (a) No sooner did (b) the train depart from (c) the station when (d) another train arrived on the platform. (e) No error.
2. (a) Not only has he built (b) a school for the poor (c) but he has also built a (d) hospital for the old. (e) No error.
3. (a) The burglars had (b) hardly broken into the house to steal (c) ornaments than (d) a child woke up and started crying. (e) No error.
4. (a) Scarcely had he (b) reached his office (c) that he was told by one of his colleagues (d) that his father met with an accident. (e) No error.
5. (a) Scarcely had I (b) alighted from the bus (c) when it started raining (d) cats and dogs. (e) No error.
6. (a) He tells me that though (b) he is known to only a few (c) people but his reputation (d) among them is very great. (e) No error.
7. (a) Hardly had I (b) come on the stage to deliver a speech, then (c) hundreds of thousands of (d) jubilant Indians cheered me. (e) No error.
8. (a) Not only has the commerce industry fixed (b) extraordinarily high minimum price for (c) onion exports but also has made licenses mandatory (d) for every consignment. (e)
9. (a) The banks have followed an (b)aggressive monetary policy and(c) its stated aim of curbing inflation (d)has not been achieved yet.(e) no error
10. (a) I am doubtful (b) that the man who has been(c) convicted of theft, (d) is living in my town. (e) No error.
Solution
1. (c) Replace ‘When’ by ‘than.
2. (e) no error
3. (c) Replace ‘Than’ by ‘When’.
4. (c) Replace ‘that’ by ‘when’.
5. (e) No error.
6. (e) No error.
7. (b) Use ‘when’ instead of ‘then’.
8. (e) no error
9. (b) Replace "and" by "but".
10. (b) Use ‘whether’ instead of ‘that’.
Questions
11. (a) Because he did not reach (b) the examination hall on time,(c) therefore he was not allowed (d) to sit for the exam.(e) No error
12. (a) Both the young along with (b) the old are accountable for a (c) great many vices with which our society (d) as well as country is inflicted. (e) No error.
13. (a) His offence was such (b) as he was not only (c) imprisoned but also (d) sentenced to death.(e) No error.
14. (a) The two girls who (b) have been selected for the post (c)of income tax inspector, (d)are too young and beautiful to be rejected by anyone (e) No error.
15. (a) Since annual examination is fast approaching (b) my cousin has bought a lot of things (c) as books, pens, pencils etc. (d) all of which cost much. (e) No error.
16. (a) Scarcely had he gone a few steps (b) than he saw a cobra lying (d) on the ground. (e) No error.
17. (a) No sooner had the train (b) arrived at the station then the people who (c) were waiting for the train rushed down (d) to get their seats. (e) No error.
18. (a) No sooner had the bomb (b) exploded in the vicinity of the rock garden, (c) people started running in (d) helter-skelter. (e) No error.
19. (a) I cannot tell (b) you if he feel nostalgic (c) about his childhood (d) or not. (e) No error.
20. (a) Five years have passed (b) that I hanged my boots from (c) the company and settled (d) in Lucknow. (e) No error.
Solutions
11. (c) Remove ‘therefore’ because we don’t use ‘thus, therefore, so’ after ‘as, since, because.
12. (a) Replace ‘along with’ by ‘and’ because ‘both’ is followed by ‘and’.
13. (b) Replace ‘as’ by ‘that’.
14. (e) No error.
15. (c) Use ‘like’ instead of ‘as’.
16. (c) Replace ‘Than’ by ‘When’.
17. (b) Replace ‘then’ by ‘than’.
18. (b) Use ‘than’ instead of ‘comma’.
19. (b) Replace ‘if’ by ‘whether’.
20. (b) Replace ‘that’ by ‘since’.
Questions
21. (a) It was almost (b) three years ago since I visited (c) the Taj Mahal (d) along with my friends and had a gala time. (e) No error.
22. (a) The patient would not (b) have kicked the bucket (c) when he had been given (d) an injection on time.(e) No error.
23. (a) Our plan to go to picnic was (b) almost fixed and the rain (c) fizzled out the whole (d) thing and we could not go willingly .(e) No error.
24. (a) He could not (b) succeed in the examination, (c) yet he had (d) worked very hard. (e) No error.
25. (a) The woodman stirred the fire (b) until the flames leaped (c) high and the sparks flew (d) out of the roof hole. (e) No error.
26. (a) He was not (b) so skillful and accomplished in (c) English that we (d) had expected. (e) No error
27. (a) She has (b) not only stopped singing (c) but also dancing because (d) her husband does not allow her for these activities.(e) No error
28. (a) Nobody else but (b) I had stood by (c) you in all the circumstances (d) when you were new in this city. (e) No error
29. (a) She could not keep back her tears, (b) the chief cause of her pain seemed (c)to be the fear (d) lest people would doubt her truthfulness (e) No error
30. (a) For the whole evening she sits at the table (b) whatever comes into her busy brain; (c) I seldom or ever find any difficulty (d) in reading what she has written. (e) No error
Solutions
21. (b) Replace ‘since’ by ‘that’.
22. (c) Replace ‘when’ by ‘if’.
23. (b) Replace ‘and’ by ‘but’.
24. (c) Replace ‘yet’ by ‘though’.
25. (e) No error.
26. (c) Replace ‘that' by ‘as’.
27. (b) Use ‘not only’ after ‘stopped’.
28. (e) no error
29. (d) Replace ‘would by ‘should’ because we use ‘should’ after ‘lest’.
30. (e) No error.
Questions
31. (a) This young man, of whom I spoke to you (b) last summer, is so noble-minded (c) and full of enthusiasm that (d) one seldom if never finds now a days among our old men of twenty. (e) No error.
32. (a) The manager was doubtful (b) if some of the clerks(c) of his office were (d) involved in bank robbery. (e) No error.
33. (a) Neither the girl (b) nor her mother (c) was fast asleep when (d) the thief entered the house. (e) No error.
34. (a) Because he is (b) running with high temperature (c) so he will not (d) come to school today. (e) No error.
35. (a) You must either contact (b) your friend else go to his home (c) to inform him that (d) his mother has met with an accident and has been taken to the hospital. (e) No error.
36. (a) As soon as they think (b) that the master can no longer hear, (c) then they speak with frankness (d) which is the more starling because who listens to it become responsible. (e) No error.
37. (a) They not only come (b) here for shopping but also for (c) having a glimpse of (d) the extremely ravishing sales girl. (e) No error.
38. (a) Hardly had he (b) got down from the train (c) then the bomb exploded (d) and shattered the train into pieces. (e) No error.
39. (a) Scarcely had he started (b) eating an apple when he was spotted (c) by one of his friends (d) who were his childhood friends. (e) No error.
40. (a) I don’t know (b) if any of the students (c) of this college has gone to picnic (d) along with his teacher or not . (e) No error.
Solutions
31. (d) Use ‘Seldom if ever’ to make the sentence correct.
32. (e) No error.
33. (e) No error.
34. (c) Remove ‘so’ for more explanation see the answer of 11.
35. (b) Replace ‘else’ by ‘or’ because after ‘either’ we use ‘or’.
36. (c) Remove ‘then’ because we don’t use ‘then’ after ‘as soon as, if, when etc.
37. (a) Use ‘not only’ before ‘shopping’ to make the sentence correct.
38. (c) Replace ‘Then’ by ‘When’.
39. (e) No error.
40. (b) Replace ‘if’ by ‘whether’.
Questions
41. (a) The weather this summer is (b) so bad as last year (c) it has not stopped (d) for weeks. (e) No error.
42. (a) This is not such (b) a difficult question (c) which cannot be answered (d) with a little effort. (e) No error.
43. (a) This is perhaps (b) the same dog which (c) was barking at me (d) when I was going home from office. (e) No error.
44. (a) He asked me (b) that why I had (c) not made my best efforts (d) to persuade her to accompany us.(e) No error.
45. (a) We use both subjective (b) as well as objective case (c) of a pronoun after ‘as and than’(d) according to the need. (e) No error.
46. (a) As he does (b) not have any work (c) to do, so he always pokes (d) his nose into other’s affairs. (e) No error.
47. (a) Although he was born (b) with a silver spoon in his mouth,(c) but he was not brought up (d) in an affluent family. (e) No error.
48. (a) His mother told (b) him not to go out (c) in the night with the persons (d) as John, Peter, Lucy, etc. (e) No error.
49. (a) He suggested to me (b) that I should (c) do all the work as (d) quickly like him. (e) No error.
50. (a) He was so clever and wise (b) that everybody’s attempt (c) to leave him in the lurch (d) turned out to be futile. (e) No error.
Solutions
41. (b) Replace ‘so’ by ‘as’ because ‘so…….as’ is used in the negative sentence.
42. (c) Replace ‘which’ by ‘that’ because after that we use either ‘that’ or ‘as’.
43. (b) Replace ‘which’ by ‘that’ because after ‘the same’ we use ‘that’.
44. (b) Remove ‘that’ because ‘why and that’ can not come together.
45. (b) Use ‘and’ instead of ‘as well as’.
46. (c) Remove ‘so’ for more explanation see the answer of 11.
47. (c) Replace ‘but’ by ‘yet’.
48. (d) Replace ‘as’ by ‘like’.
49. (d) Replace ‘like’ by ‘as’.
50. (e) No error.
Sunday, October 04, 2020
CONJUNCTION ( PART-28)
Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins two or more than two words, phrases, clauses and sentences.
Examples
1. Saleem and Zaid have completed their assignments.
2. I made several calls to you but you didn’t pick up the phone.
3. You must work hard or you will fail.
There are three types of conjunctions
1. Coordinating conjunctions:- They are used to join the sentences of equal rank.
And, but, or, nor, yet etc.
2. Subordinating conjunctions:- They are used to join such sentences where one is principal clause and the other is subordinate clause.
When, until, till, unless, before, after etc.
3. Co-relative conjunctions:- They are always used in pairs.
Either…..or, neither….nor, not only...but also, both…..and etc .
Some important rules
Rule:-1. Hardly, Scarcely, Barely and Rarely are followed by when.
Structure
Hardly /Scarcely/Barely/Rarely…………...but, than, then . (incorrect)
Hardly /Scarcely/Barely/Rarely…………...when . (correct)
Structure:-
Hardly /Scarcely/Barely/Rarely +had +subj. +v3+obj +when +simple past.
Examples
1. Hardly had the party started than she left for her home. (incorrect)
2. Hardly had the party started when she left for her home. (correct)
3. scarcely I had thought of having ice cream when one of my friends bought one for me. (incorrect)
4. scarcely had I thought of having ice cream when one of my friends bought one for me. (correct)
Rule:-2. No sooner is always followed by than.
No sooner ……………………………but, then, when. (incorrect)
No sooner………………………………than. (correct)
Structure
• No sooner +had +subj+ v3+obj+than+simple past.
Examples
1. No sooner had I reached home when it started raining. (incorrect)
2. No sooner had I reached home than it started raining. (correct)
3. No sooner he had boarded the train than the train departed. (incorrect)
4. No sooner had he boarded the train than the train departed.(correct)
•No sooner+did+subj+v1+obj+than+simple paste.
Examples
1. No sooner did I reach home but it started raining. (incorrect)
2. No sooner did I reach home than it started raining. (correct)
•No sooner+do/does+subj+v1+obj+than+simple present .
Examples
1. No sooner do I reach home than it started raining. (incorrect)
2. No sooner do I reach home than it starts raining. (correct)
Rule:-3. But, when, than, then can not be used after as soon as.
Examples
1. As soon as I reached home than it started raining. (incorrect)
2. As soon as I reached home, it started raining. (correct)
Rule:-4. Although and though are followed by yet or comma.
Examples
1. Although he loves you but he can not marry you. (incorrect)
2. Although he loves you yet he can not marry you. (incorrect)
3. Though he is known to only a few people, his reputation among them is very popular.
Rule:-5. ‘Both/whether’ are followed by ‘and/or’ respectively.
Both……………..and
Whether…………or
Examples
1. Both Seema as well as Sonia were prohibited from going out in the night.
2. Both Seema and Sonia were prohibited from going out in the night. (correct)
3. I don’t know if he has taken his lunch or not. (incorrect)
4. I don’t know whether he has taken his lunch or not. (incorrect)
Rule:-6. Use of lest and otherwise.
• Lest is generally followed by should.
• ‘Not, never’ can not be used after lest.
Examples
1. Walk slowly lest you should not fall. (incorrect)
2. Walk slowly lest you should fall. (correct)
3. Write carefully lest you will make a mistake. (incorrect)
4. Write carefully lest you should make a mistake. (incorrect)
5. Make a note of the questions you want to ask otherwise you will forger some of them.
Rule:-7. Use of till, until and unless
• Till, until are used for time while unless is used for condition.
• “Not and never” can’t be used after till, until and unless.
• “Will, shall and would” can’t be used after until, till and unless.
Examples
1. I will wait for you until you do not come. (incorrect)
2. I will wait for you until you come. (correct)
3. You will not get success unless you will labour hard. (incorrect)
4. You will not get success unless you labour hard. (correct)
Note- Till can not be used in the beginning of a sentence.
1. Till the train gets the signal it will not move. (incorrect)
2. Until the train gets the signal it will not move. (correct)
Rule:-8. There are some conjunctions that are used to show contrast/opposition.
But, still, yet, while, however, though, although, nevertheless.
Examples
1. She did not understand a word yet she did not smile. (incorrect)
2. She did not understand a word yet she kept smiling. (correct)
3. Sonia is indeed happy with her performance but is going to get a bonus. (incorrect)
4. Sonia is indeed happy with her performance but is not going to get a bonus. (correct)
5. Though she is rich and beautiful, she is popular. (incorrect)
6. Though she is rich and beautiful, she is not popular. (correct)
7. He tried his best however he passed the exam with flying colours. (incorrect)
8. He tried his best however he did not pass the exam with flying colours. (correct)
Rule:-9. ‘Therefore, so, thus’ can not be used after ‘because, since and as’.
Examples
1. Because he reached the examination hall late therefore/so he was not allowed to sit for exam. (incorrect)
2. Because he reached the examination hall late, he was not allowed to sit for exam. (correct)
3. As it was raining so I decided to take shelter. (incorrect)
4. As it was raining, I decided to take shelter. (correct)
5. Since it is an area of outstanding natural beauty therefore the number of boats available for hire on the river is limited. (incorrect)
6. Since it is an area of outstanding natural beauty, the number of boats available for hire on the river is limited. (correct)
Rule 10:- Use of As……As and So…….As
As…….As It is used in both positive and negative sentence.
So……As It is used only in the negative sentence.
Examples
1. She is not as beautiful as her sister.
2. She is not so beautiful as her sister.
3. He is as intelligent as his brother.
4. He is so intelligent as his brother.
(incorrect because so…as doesn’t come in positive sentence)
Rule:-11. “Not and never” are followed by or.
Examples
1. I have never seen her not met her. (incorrect)
2. I have never seen her or met her. (correct)
3. She has not invited me nor come to my home. (incorrect)
4. She has not invited me or come to my home. (correct)
Rule:-12. If and when are not followed by then.
Examples
1. When I come to Lucknow then I will meet you. (incorrect)
2. When I come to Lucknow, I will meet you. (correct)
3. If the government takes action then corruption will stop. (incorrect)
4. If the government takes action, corruption will stop. (correct)
Rule:-13. The same is followed by as or than.
• The same is followed by that if a verb comes after the same.
Example
1. This is the same girl that I saw at the theatre.
• If there is no verb after the same it is followed by as.
1. Your problems are the same as mine.
Rule:-14. Doubt and doubtful are followed by if/whether in affirmative sentence and followed by that in negative and interrogative sentence.
Affirmative negative/interrogative
Doubt…………….if/whether, doubt………….that
Doubtful…………if/whether, doubtful………that
Examples
1. She doubts that you will call her back. (incorrect)
2. She doubts if/whether you will call her back. (correct)
3. I am doubtful that she will accompany me to watch movie. (incorrect)
4. I am doubtful if/whether she will accompany me to watch movie. (correct)
5. I don’t doubt if/whether you will complete your assignment timely. (incorrect)
6. I don’t doubt that you will complete your assignment timely. (correct)
Rule:-15. Such is followed by as, that.
Such………………….as (to indicate category)
Such………………….that (to indicate intensity, result, effect)
Such………………….who, whom, which (incorrect)
Examples
1. He is not such a good dancer as we expected.
2. The police looked at the criminal in such anger that he began to tremble.
3. I don’t like such boys who don’t speak the truth. (use that instead of who)
Rule:-16 use of that
That is not used with interrogative words such as-
Who, whom, which, what, when, where, why, how, how much, how long .
Examples
1. She said to me, “you have given my book to him.”(direct)
2. She told me that I had given her book to him.(indirect)
3. She said to me, “Why have you given my book to him.”(direct)
4. She told me that why I had given her book to him. (indirect-wrong)
5. She told me why I had given her book to him. (indirect-right)
6. She said to me, “have you given my book to him?”(direct)
7. She told me that if I had given her book to him.(indirect-wrong)
8. She told me if/whether I had given her book to him.(indirect-right)
Friday, October 02, 2020
PHRASE - PREPOSITION ( PART-27)
Some important phrase prepositions
1. Because of- के कारण
The country suffered heavy loss because of the earthquake.
2. on account of- के कारण
We rescheduled the concert on account of heavy rain.
3. Owing to- के कारण
Owing to his ill health, he retired from business.
4. due to- के कारण
The accident was due to driver’s disregarding the signal.
5. in spite of- के बावजूद
He got the job in spite of his prison record.
6. Despite- के बावजूद
John’s company is doing extremely well despite the recession.
Note- That can not be used immediately after inspite of or despite
Inspite of/ despite + that…. Incorrect
Inspite of/ despite + the fact + that…. Correct
Examples
1.When they arrived at the station it was hot, inspite of that it was only the end of April. (incorrect)
2.When they arrived at the station it was hot, inspite of the fact that it was only the end of April. (correct)
7. Instead of- के बजाय
Instead of sitting home and watching T.V., he went out to play cricket.
8. By means of- के माध्यम से
By means of rope and ladders they scaled the wall.
9. for the sake of- के लिए
He gave up the ghost in 1947 for the sake of his country.
10. In accordance with- के अनुसार
In accordance with your instruction, he performed on the stage last night.
11. according to- के अनुसार
He acted according to my instruction.
12. on behalf of- की तरफ से
He died fighting on behalf of his country.
13. In consequence of- के परिणामस्वरूप
In consequence of his illness he could not finish the work in time.
14. in favour of- के पक्ष में
He abdicated the throne in favour of his elder son.
15. in front of- के सामने
There is a big tree in front of his house.
16. in lieu of- के बदले में
He accepted the car in lieu of Rs. 3,25,000.
17. In order to - के लिए
In order to avoid litigation, he accepted Rs. 30,000 in full settlement of his claim Rs.42,000.
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