Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins two or more than two words, phrases, clauses and sentences.
Examples
1. Saleem and Zaid have completed their assignments.
2. I made several calls to you but you didn’t pick up the phone.
3. You must work hard or you will fail.
There are three types of conjunctions
1. Coordinating conjunctions:- They are used to join the sentences of equal rank.
And, but, or, nor, yet etc.
2. Subordinating conjunctions:- They are used to join such sentences where one is principal clause and the other is subordinate clause.
When, until, till, unless, before, after etc.
3. Co-relative conjunctions:- They are always used in pairs.
Either…..or, neither….nor, not only...but also, both…..and etc .
Some important rules
Rule:-1. Hardly, Scarcely, Barely and Rarely are followed by when.
Structure
Hardly /Scarcely/Barely/Rarely…………...but, than, then . (incorrect)
Hardly /Scarcely/Barely/Rarely…………...when . (correct)
Structure:-
Hardly /Scarcely/Barely/Rarely +had +subj. +v3+obj +when +simple past.
Examples
1. Hardly had the party started than she left for her home. (incorrect)
2. Hardly had the party started when she left for her home. (correct)
3. scarcely I had thought of having ice cream when one of my friends bought one for me. (incorrect)
4. scarcely had I thought of having ice cream when one of my friends bought one for me. (correct)
Rule:-2. No sooner is always followed by than.
No sooner ……………………………but, then, when. (incorrect)
No sooner………………………………than. (correct)
Structure
• No sooner +had +subj+ v3+obj+than+simple past.
Examples
1. No sooner had I reached home when it started raining. (incorrect)
2. No sooner had I reached home than it started raining. (correct)
3. No sooner he had boarded the train than the train departed. (incorrect)
4. No sooner had he boarded the train than the train departed.(correct)
•No sooner+did+subj+v1+obj+than+simple paste.
Examples
1. No sooner did I reach home but it started raining. (incorrect)
2. No sooner did I reach home than it started raining. (correct)
•No sooner+do/does+subj+v1+obj+than+simple present .
Examples
1. No sooner do I reach home than it started raining. (incorrect)
2. No sooner do I reach home than it starts raining. (correct)
Rule:-3. But, when, than, then can not be used after as soon as.
Examples
1. As soon as I reached home than it started raining. (incorrect)
2. As soon as I reached home, it started raining. (correct)
Rule:-4. Although and though are followed by yet or comma.
Examples
1. Although he loves you but he can not marry you. (incorrect)
2. Although he loves you yet he can not marry you. (incorrect)
3. Though he is known to only a few people, his reputation among them is very popular.
Rule:-5. ‘Both/whether’ are followed by ‘and/or’ respectively.
Both……………..and
Whether…………or
Examples
1. Both Seema as well as Sonia were prohibited from going out in the night.
2. Both Seema and Sonia were prohibited from going out in the night. (correct)
3. I don’t know if he has taken his lunch or not. (incorrect)
4. I don’t know whether he has taken his lunch or not. (incorrect)
Rule:-6. Use of lest and otherwise.
• Lest is generally followed by should.
• ‘Not, never’ can not be used after lest.
Examples
1. Walk slowly lest you should not fall. (incorrect)
2. Walk slowly lest you should fall. (correct)
3. Write carefully lest you will make a mistake. (incorrect)
4. Write carefully lest you should make a mistake. (incorrect)
5. Make a note of the questions you want to ask otherwise you will forger some of them.
Rule:-7. Use of till, until and unless
• Till, until are used for time while unless is used for condition.
• “Not and never” can’t be used after till, until and unless.
• “Will, shall and would” can’t be used after until, till and unless.
Examples
1. I will wait for you until you do not come. (incorrect)
2. I will wait for you until you come. (correct)
3. You will not get success unless you will labour hard. (incorrect)
4. You will not get success unless you labour hard. (correct)
Note- Till can not be used in the beginning of a sentence.
1. Till the train gets the signal it will not move. (incorrect)
2. Until the train gets the signal it will not move. (correct)
Rule:-8. There are some conjunctions that are used to show contrast/opposition.
But, still, yet, while, however, though, although, nevertheless.
Examples
1. She did not understand a word yet she did not smile. (incorrect)
2. She did not understand a word yet she kept smiling. (correct)
3. Sonia is indeed happy with her performance but is going to get a bonus. (incorrect)
4. Sonia is indeed happy with her performance but is not going to get a bonus. (correct)
5. Though she is rich and beautiful, she is popular. (incorrect)
6. Though she is rich and beautiful, she is not popular. (correct)
7. He tried his best however he passed the exam with flying colours. (incorrect)
8. He tried his best however he did not pass the exam with flying colours. (correct)
Rule:-9. ‘Therefore, so, thus’ can not be used after ‘because, since and as’.
Examples
1. Because he reached the examination hall late therefore/so he was not allowed to sit for exam. (incorrect)
2. Because he reached the examination hall late, he was not allowed to sit for exam. (correct)
3. As it was raining so I decided to take shelter. (incorrect)
4. As it was raining, I decided to take shelter. (correct)
5. Since it is an area of outstanding natural beauty therefore the number of boats available for hire on the river is limited. (incorrect)
6. Since it is an area of outstanding natural beauty, the number of boats available for hire on the river is limited. (correct)
Rule 10:- Use of As……As and So…….As
As…….As It is used in both positive and negative sentence.
So……As It is used only in the negative sentence.
Examples
1. She is not as beautiful as her sister.
2. She is not so beautiful as her sister.
3. He is as intelligent as his brother.
4. He is so intelligent as his brother.
(incorrect because so…as doesn’t come in positive sentence)
Rule:-11. “Not and never” are followed by or.
Examples
1. I have never seen her not met her. (incorrect)
2. I have never seen her or met her. (correct)
3. She has not invited me nor come to my home. (incorrect)
4. She has not invited me or come to my home. (correct)
Rule:-12. If and when are not followed by then.
Examples
1. When I come to Lucknow then I will meet you. (incorrect)
2. When I come to Lucknow, I will meet you. (correct)
3. If the government takes action then corruption will stop. (incorrect)
4. If the government takes action, corruption will stop. (correct)
Rule:-13. The same is followed by as or than.
• The same is followed by that if a verb comes after the same.
Example
1. This is the same girl that I saw at the theatre.
• If there is no verb after the same it is followed by as.
1. Your problems are the same as mine.
Rule:-14. Doubt and doubtful are followed by if/whether in affirmative sentence and followed by that in negative and interrogative sentence.
Affirmative negative/interrogative
Doubt…………….if/whether, doubt………….that
Doubtful…………if/whether, doubtful………that
Examples
1. She doubts that you will call her back. (incorrect)
2. She doubts if/whether you will call her back. (correct)
3. I am doubtful that she will accompany me to watch movie. (incorrect)
4. I am doubtful if/whether she will accompany me to watch movie. (correct)
5. I don’t doubt if/whether you will complete your assignment timely. (incorrect)
6. I don’t doubt that you will complete your assignment timely. (correct)
Rule:-15. Such is followed by as, that.
Such………………….as (to indicate category)
Such………………….that (to indicate intensity, result, effect)
Such………………….who, whom, which (incorrect)
Examples
1. He is not such a good dancer as we expected.
2. The police looked at the criminal in such anger that he began to tremble.
3. I don’t like such boys who don’t speak the truth. (use that instead of who)
Rule:-16 use of that
That is not used with interrogative words such as-
Who, whom, which, what, when, where, why, how, how much, how long .
Examples
1. She said to me, “you have given my book to him.”(direct)
2. She told me that I had given her book to him.(indirect)
3. She said to me, “Why have you given my book to him.”(direct)
4. She told me that why I had given her book to him. (indirect-wrong)
5. She told me why I had given her book to him. (indirect-right)
6. She said to me, “have you given my book to him?”(direct)
7. She told me that if I had given her book to him.(indirect-wrong)
8. She told me if/whether I had given her book to him.(indirect-right)
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