Auxiliary Verb
Primary auxiliary 2. Modal auxiliary
To be will, shall, should, would, can,
To have could, may, might, must, need
To do dare, ought to, used to.
To Be (is, am, are, was, were )
Is/am/are( v1 ) was/were (v2 ) been (v3)
Rule.1:- They are used in the simple present and simple past of passive voice.
Examples
1. This book is written by me. (Passive voice of simple present)
2. These assignments were completed by her. (Passive voice of simple past)
Rule.2:- ‘Be’ followed by an infinitive, is also used.
Examples
1. She is to get married the next week.
2. You were to write your name at the top of each sheet.
Rule.3:-‘ Be’ is also used in the past tense with the perfect infinitive to indicate an act that was decided but not completed.
Examples
1. They were to be appointed last week but had to be postponed their appointment until Diwali (use ‘to have been’ instead of ‘to be’)
2. They were to be married last month but had to be postponed their marriage until September. (use ‘to have been’ in the place of ‘to be’ )
To have (have, has, had)
Have/has v1 had v2 had v3
Rule.1:- They are used in (the both present and past) perfect and perfect continuous tense.
Examples
1. She has gone bankrupt.
2. He had been squandering time on computer for a long time.
Rule.2:- It is also used with the infinitive to express obligation or compulsion.
Examples
1. You have to be there by 10 o’ clock. (present)
2. She had to go to Delhi yesterday. (past)
3. You will have to ring me up in the morning. (future)
Rule.3:- They are used as both main verb and auxiliary verb.
Examples
1. He has taken his lunch.
He has had his lunch. (present perfect)
2. He took his lunch 10 minutes ago.
He had his lunch 10 minute ago.(simple past)
3. He had taken his lunch.
He had had his lunch. (past perfect)
4. He will have taken his lunch.
He will have had his lunch.(future perfect)
Rule.4:- With ‘Do, Does, Did’ we always use have. (not has or had)
Examples
1. Does your father has grey hair? (use ‘have’ instead of ‘has’)
2. He did not had to go to Mumbai. (use ‘have’ instead of ‘had)
3. Do they have to pay tax? (correct)
To do (do, does, did)
Do/does (v1) did (v2) done (v3)
Rule.1:- It is used to avoid the repetition of a verb.
Examples
1. He does not like her, neither I do. (incorrect)
2. He does not like her, neither do I.(correct)
3. His father does not support him, nor do his brother. (incorrect)
4. His father does not support him, nor does his brother. (correct)
5. He eats fish and so do I. (correct)
Rule.2:- It is also used to emphasize a sentence affirmatively.
Examples
1. Her mother tells her not to go out in the night but she do go. (incorrect)
2. Her mother tells her not to go out in the night but she does go. (correct)
3. You did commit to help me out in all the circumstances. (correct)
Modal Auxiliary
Will, shall, should, would, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, ought to, used to.
Must and ought to
Rule.1:- ‘Must’ is used to express necessity or obligation.
Examples
1. You must improve your spelling.
2. We must get up early in the morning.
Rule.2:-‘ Must’ is also used for strong possibility.
Example
1. I forgot to take my book today it must be on the table.
Rule.3:- ‘Must’ is often used when the obligation comes from the speaker, if the obligation comes from somewhere else ‘have to’ is used.
Examples
1. I must be on diet. (it’s my opinion)
2. I have to be on diet. ( the doctor has told me to be on diet)
Rule.4:- ‘Must’ can also express a logical certainty.
Examples
1. Living in such crowded conditions must be difficult. (I am sure it’s difficult)
2. You must have told a lie to me. (I am sure you have told a lie)
Ought to
Rule.1:- ‘Ought to’ is used to express moral obligation or desirability.
Examples
1. We ought to love our neighbour.
2. We ought to help the poor.
Rule.2:- ‘Ought to’ can also be used to express probability.
Examples
1. This book ought to be very useful.
2. She stays in five-star-hotels and travel by air, she ought to be a very rich girl.
Used to and would
Rule.1:- Both ‘used to and would’ are used to describe a past habitual action.
Examples
1. He used to get up early in the morning when he was in Shimla.
or
2. He would get up early in the morning when he was in Shimla.
Rule.2:- “Is , am, are + used to + v1 +ing” is used to describe a present habitual action.
Examples
1. I am used to get up early in the morning. (incorrect)
2. I am used to getting up early in the morning. (correct)
Could and might
Rule.1:- ‘Could and might’ are the past form of ‘can and may’.
Examples
1. Sonia said, “Mohan can/ may qualify the exam”. (direct)
2. Sonia said that Mohan could/ might qualify the exam. (indirect)
Rule.2:- They are also used for probability /possibility.
Examples
1. It can be dangerous to drive fast in the city. (30%-40%)
2. It may be dangerous to drive fast in the city. (20%-30%)
3. It could be dangerous to drive fast in the city. (10%-20%)
4. It might be dangerous to drive fast in the city. (0% -10%)
Rule.3:- They are also used for permission.
Examples
1. May I use your phone? (official / formal)
2. Can I use your phone? (friend, family / informal)
3. Could I use your phone? (less known person / more formal)
4. Might I use your phone? (unknown person)
Could have and might have
Rule.1:- They are used to describe a past possibility or ability.
Examples
1. You could have come yesterday.
2. It might have rained last night.
Should
Rule.1:-‘ Should’ is used as the past equivalent of ‘shall’.
Examples
1. He said, “She shall be 25 next year”. (direct)
2. He said that he should be 25 next year.(indirect)
3. They expected that I should get the first prize
Rule.2:- ‘Should’ is used with all persons to express duty or obligation.
Examples
1. We should obey the laws.
2. You should keep your promises.
3. We should love our country.
Rule.3:- ‘Should’ is also used for advice or suggestion.
Example
1. You should go to Delhi on Monday to meet your brother.
Rule.4:- ‘Should’ is also used for supposition in future.
Examples
1. Should you not get up early in the morning, you will miss the train.
Or
2. If you do not get up early in the morning, you will miss the train.
3. Should it rain, he will not come to my home for dinner.
or
4. If It rains, he will not come to my home for dinner.
Rule.5:- ‘Should have + v3’ is used to describe an action that was decided in the past but not implemented.
Examples
1. You should have got your marriage registered.
2. You should have gone to Delhi last month to meet your brother.
Would
Rule.1:-‘ Would’ is used as the past equivalent of ‘will’.
Examples
1. He said, “She will get the first prize”. (direct)
2. He said that she would get the first prize”. (Indirect)
3. He would swim across the river when he was young.
Rule.3:- ‘Would + sub + v1’ is used for a polite form of request.
Examples
1. Would you like to have a cup of coffee with me?
2. Would you like to accompany me to the market?
Rule.4:- ‘Would’ is also used in an imaginary sentence.
Example
1. If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky without any fear.
Rule.5:- ‘Would have + v3’ is used in the past conditionals to talk about something that did not happen.
Examples
1. If he had seen you there, he would have been very angry with you.
or
2. Had he seen you there, he would have been very angry with you.
3. If my bike had not run out of petrol on the way, I would have reached school on time.
or
4. Had my bike not run out of petrol on the way, I would have reached school on time.
Ought to have
It is used to tell that the right action was not done in the past.
Examples
1. You ought to have listened to the warnings.
2. I ought to have taken the money.
Need
Need as a main verb, It has normal forms.
Need (v1) needed (v2) needed ( v3)
Affirmative Sentence
Examples
1. Your shoes need to be cleaned properly. (simple present)
2. Your shoes needed to be cleaned properly. (simple past)
3. He needs five hundred rupees. (simple present)
Negative & interrogative
Examples
1. You do not need to clean your shoes.
2. Do you need to clean your shoes?
Need is used as an auxiliary verb in the both negative and interrogative sentence.
Examples
1. You need not to clean your shoes. (incorrect)
2. You need not clean your shoes?
3. Need you to clean your shoes? (incorrect)
4. Need you clean your shoes? (correct)
Dare
It is also used as both main verb and auxiliary verb.
Examples
1. She dare not go out in the night. (auxiliary verb)
2. She does not dare to go out in the night. (main verb)
3. Dare she go out in the night? (auxiliary verb)
4. Does she dare to go out in the night? (main verb)
‘Dare and need’ are used in the present and future tense.
‘Dare / need + have + v3 is used in the past tense.
Examples
1. You need not have scolded your brother. (means- you did not need to scold your brother)
2. Need you have bought a novel for him? (means- did you need to buy a novel for him?)
When we use ‘have’ with these modals, they give the meaning of past tense.
Would have, should have, could have, might have, must have, ought to have, need have, dare have.
Examples
1. You should have lodged a complaint to the police against him.
2. If your car had not broken on the way, you could have reached on time.
When we use ‘have’ with these modals, they give the meaning of present or future.
May have, can have, will have, shall have.
Examples
1. He will have lunch with me tomorrow.
2. You can have this pen.
No comments:
Post a Comment