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Monday, January 04, 2021
Most Important Questions On John Milton: Life and Works
Friday, January 01, 2021
Thursday, December 31, 2020
Monday, December 28, 2020
Saturday, December 26, 2020
Thursday, December 24, 2020
Important Questions On T.S. Eliot's life and works
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Friday, December 18, 2020
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Wednesday, December 09, 2020
DEFINITE ARTICLE (PART- 36)
Definite Article
Rule:-1. Articles can’t be used before the names of a person or place.
Examples
1. Saif is an intelligent boy.
2. Lucknow is the capital of India.
Note:- Articles can be used before the name of a person/place in case of comparison or when they are not known to the speaker.
Examples
1. Prem Chandra is the Shakespeare of India. (comparison)
2. Chandra Gupta is the Napoleon of India. (comparison)
3. A Saif is waiting for you at the gate. (Saif is not known to the speaker)
4. Hyderabad is the Manchester of India. (comparison)
Explanation:- In the above sentences Shakespeare, Napoleon, Saif, Manchester are used as common nouns.
Rule:-2. ‘The’ doesn’t come before the name of any state except Punjab.
Example
1. Chandigarh is the capital of the Punjab and Haryana.
Rule:-3. ‘The’ can’t be used before the names of countries.
Example
1. The India won freedom in 1947. (drop ‘the’)
Exception:- The Ukraine, The Great Britain, The Netherland, The Hague.
Note:- If Union, United, Republic and Kingdom come with the names of the countries, the is used .
Examples
The U.S.A. , The U.S.S.R. , The Soviet Union, The Irish Republic.
Rule:-4. Definite article ‘The’ is used in the following cases.
Examples
1-Before the superlative degree.
(a)Alexander was the greatest of all kings.
(b)This is the most expensive novel that I ever bought.
2-Before comparative degree in case of a choice.
Example
a-She is the more beautiful of the two sisters.
3-Before an adverb with a comparative sense.
Examples
a-The higher you go, the cooler it becomes.
b-The more you practice, the better you become.
4- Before an adjective when it represents a class of persons.
Examples
a-The poor prefer camping to staying in hotels.
b-The old should be respected by the young.
5-Before ordinals.
Examples
a-The first two chapters of this book have been written carelessly .
b-He answered the first question willingly, the second reluctantly and the third with resentment.
6-Before physical position.
Examples
a-There was a temple on the top of the mountain.
b-The temple stands in the centre of the market.
7-Before directions.
Examples
a- Many buildings in the West of the city are set on fire.
b-The sun rises in the East.
Before some proper nouns
A-Oceans-
The Pacific ocean, the Indian ocean, the Atlantic ocean,
B-Seas-
The Red sea, The Dead sea, The Arabian sea, The Mediterranean sea,
The Caspian sea, The Black sea,
C-Rivers-
The Ganga, The Thames, The Niles, The Indus, The Yamuna, The Amazon
D-Canals-
The Suez canal, The Panama canal, The Sharda canal, The Manchester canal, The Albert canal etc.
E-Deserts- The Sahara desert, The desert, The Arabian desert, The Kalahari desert etc.
F-Group of islands-
The Andmans, The Nicobars, The West indies, The East indies.
8-Religious books-
Examplez
The Gita, The Ramayana, The Mahabharata, The Bible, the Holy Quran.
9-Unique entities-
Examples
The Sun, The Moon, The Earth, The sky, The Equator, The World, The Universe etc.
10-Historical Buildings-
Examples
The Taj Mahal, The Red fort, The Qutub Minor, The Pyramids, The Golghar, The Jama Masjid, The Panch Mahal.
11. Mountain Ranges-
Examples
The Himalayas, The Alps.
12. Nationalities-
Examples
The English, The French, The Indians.
13. Bays/Gulfs-
Examples
The Bay of Bengal, The bay of China, The Gulf of Mexico .
Exception- Hudson bay
14. News Papers-
Examples
The Hindu, The Times of India, The Indian Express.
15. Movements-
Example
The Quit India movement.
16. Names of airways/ trains-
Examples
The Jet Airways, The Lucknow Mail, The Rajdhani Express.
17. Names of Political Parties-
Examples
The BJP, The Congress, The BSP.
18. Musical Instruments-
Examples
The flute, The Violin, The Guitar.
19. Dates-
Example
The 26th of Jan.
20. Army/Police-
Examples
The Army, The police.
21. Planets-
Examples
The Venus, The Mercury.
22. Names of Hotels-
Examples
The Taj Hotel, The Ashoka Hotel.
23. Trophies/ Clubs-
Examples
The World Cup, The lion club,
24. Designation-
Examples
The President, The Chairman, The Headmaster.
25- Before titles-
Examples
Akbar the great, Aurangzeb the austere, Napoleon the warrior.
Monday, December 07, 2020
Most Important Questions On John Keats And His Works
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ARTICLE ( PART- 36)
Article
An article is basically an adjective that defines and modifies a noun.
Articles are of two types.
1. Indefinite article:- A, An 2. Definite article:- The
Some important rules
Rule:-1. ‘A’ is used before those singular nouns that start with consonant.
Examples
A pen, a chair, a book, a fan etc .
Rule:-2. ‘A’ is also used before those words that start with vowel and give the sound of consonant.
Examples
A one eyed man,
A university,
A European,
A unique hair style
A uniform,
A universal truth,
A useful book etc.
Rule:-3. ‘An’ is used before those words that start with vowels .
Examples
An apple,
An egg,
An orange,
An elephant,
Aowl etc .
Rule:-4. ‘An’ is also used before those words that start with consonant and give the sound of vowel .
Examples
An hour,
An honour,
An honest boy,
An heir,
An honorary post,
An M.A. ,
An M.L.A. ,
An S.D.O. ,
An F.I.R. etc.
Note:- ‘A/An’ can not be used before plural and uncountable nouns.
Advice, information, accommodation, baggage, luggage, scenery, equipment, furniture, bread, money, jewelry, evidence etc. are uncountable nouns.
Examples
1. He gave me an information . (incorrect)
2. He gave me a piece of information. (correct)
3. She has bought a furniture for her house. (drop ‘a’)
Rule:-6. “If so, as, too, how, quite” come before an adjective, A/An should be used before the noun.
Examples
1. This is a too difficult question to solve. (incorrect)
2. This is too difficult a question to solve. (correct)
3. She is a as innocent girl as her sister. (incorrect)
4. She is as innocent a girl as her sister. (correct)
5. He is so a weak student that he can not pass. (incorrect)
6. He is so weak a student that he can not pass. (correct)
Rule:-7. If a verb is used as a noun, A/An is used before the verb.
Examples
1. He goes for a walk in the morning daily.
2. She gave her friend a pillion ride to school.
3. I have a long talk with her on this matter.
Rule:-8. A/An is also used to indicate the meaning of ‘per/every’.
Examples
1. I take two meals a day.
2. This car runs 25 kilometres a litre.
3. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
Rule:-9. When “many, rather, quite, such” take a singular noun after them, A/An is used before the noun.
Examples
1. Many an orange is rotting in the basket.
2. It was quite a difficult puzzle.
3. You have such a nice pen.
Rule:-10. In exclamatory sentences with “what and how” before singular countable nouns .
Examples
1. What a beautiful scene!
2. How fine a day!
3. What a pleasant surprise!
Rule:-11. A/An is also used with some phrases.
In a fix, in a soup, in a pickle, in a dilemma, in a tight corner, in a hurry, in a nutshell, make a noise, keep a secret, at a stone’s throw, at a loss, take a fancy to, take an interest, tell a lie.
Examples
1. Have you ever been in a tight corner?
2. My house is at a stone’s throw from here.
3. Don’t tell a lie to me.
Rule:-12. A/An can not be used in these phrases.
In hand, to lose heart, in jail, by name, by train, all day, on horseback, in debt, to give ear, at home, last but not least, to catch fire, to set on fire, at last, by mistake, in danger, to take to heart etc.
Sunday, December 06, 2020
TENSE EXERCISE ( PART - 35)
Directions(Q.1-50): Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is “No error” the answer is ‘E'.
1.(a ) She has been (b) working in this (c) office for (d) last five years.(e) No error.
2. (a) If you had got up (b) at the crack of dawn (c) you would not miss (d) the train.(e) No error.
3. (a) She gave me (b) a tinkle in the morning (c) much later (d) than I think .(e) No error.
4. (a) If he was not afraid of (b) spiders, he would pick it up (c) and throw it (d) out of the house.(e) No error.
5. (a) I want you to (b) pick up the box (c) of eggs gently and (d) kept it in the corner carefully.(e) No error
6. (a) She made several calls to you (c) the bell was going through(c) but nobody (d) pick up the phone (e) No error.
7. (a) The plot to assassinate (b) Mahatma Gandhi started long before (c) he was actually (d) shot dead (e)No error.
8. (a) He was with (b) me till now.(c) so don’t accuse him (d) of stealing the car.(e) No error.
9. (a) I have been adoring (b) her for (c) the husky voice and doe eyed with (d) which she is gifted.(e) No error.
10. (a) Had you succeeded (b) in getting there, (c) you would have (d) probably fall down.(e) No error.
Solutions
1. (c) Replace ‘for’ by ‘since’ because is used for ‘a period of time’
2. (c) Use ‘would not have missed’ because the sentence coming before ‘If’ is in the past perfect tense’
3. (d)Use ‘thought’ instead of ‘think’ because the sentence coming before it is in past tense.
4. (a)Use ‘were’ instead of ‘was’ because the sentence is imaginary.
5. (d) Use ‘keep’ instead of ‘kept’ b‘the verb’ coming before and after ‘and’ should be in the same form.
6. (d)Use ‘picked up’ instead of ‘pick up because the sentence coming before it, is in past tense.
7. (b) Use ‘had started’ because the sentence coming ‘before’ should be in the past perfect.
8. (a) Use ‘has been’ instead of ‘was’ because ‘up till now’ is used in present perfect tense.
9. (a) use I adore her.
10. (d) Use ‘fallen down’ instead of ‘fall down’ because we use 3rd form of a verb after ‘would have’.
Questions
11. (a) The number of students (b), preparing for competitive exams (c) is grew (d) over the years. (e)No error.
12. (a) they narrated (b) the whole incident verbatim (c) that happen (d) with them some days ago.(e) No error.
13. (a) “ Here is coming (b) the bus!” Sonia, (c) said Zaid when (d) she was worried. (e) No error.
14. (a) He told me (b) to do as he did (c) but I turned a deaf ear (d) to him. (e) No error.
15. (a) By this time next year he (b) has had (c) completed his graduation (d)from JNU . (e) No error.
16. (a)It is about time (b) you have taken (c) your children (d) to school .(e) No error.
17. (a) I had hoped (b) that I would see (c) you the other day, but (d) unfortunately I fell ill. (e) No error.
18. (a) The thief was caught red handed (b) before he disposed of (c) the stolen goods. (d) No error.
19. (a) She reached here, (b) did all the important work (c) and then has made (d) a call to one of her bosom friends. (e) No error.
20. (a) I could not understand (b) why she has not enlightened (c) me about her (d) career before . (e) No error.
Solutions
11. (c) Use ‘is growing’ because ‘grew’ is the 2nd form of a verb and it does not come after ‘is/ am/ are/ was/ were’.
12. (c) Use ‘happened’ instead of ‘happen’ because the sentence coming before it is in past tense.
13. (a) Use ‘here comes’ because in the exclamatory sentences that starts with ‘here or there’ we use simple present.
14. (e) No error.
15. (b) Use ‘would have’ instead of ‘has had’ because the sentence gives the meaning of future.
16. (b) Use ‘you took’ because we use simple past after ‘It is about time’.
17. (e) No error.
18. (a) Use ‘had been’ instead of ‘was’, see below structure.
Past perfect tense +before+ simple past tense.
The patient had died before the doctor came.
19. (c) Use ‘had’ instead of ‘has’ because the sentence coming before it, is in the past tense.
20. (b) Use ‘had’ because sentence is in the past.
Questions
21. (a) That two and two (b) always made (c) four cannot (d) be doubted.(e) No error.
22. (a) Nobody knows (b) when death (c) will knock at (d) his door.(e) No error.
23. (a) Rohit hopes to become (b) an officer after (c) he will have completed (d) his higher education.(e) No error.
24. (a) She along with her children (b) is going to Delhi today (c) as her eldest son (d) is down with fever. (e) No error.
25. (a) My brother (b) said to me.(c) “ when did (d) you visited the Taj Mahal here? (e) No error.
26. (a) He would not have (b) given this inflammatory speech (c) if he was not (d) instigated by his friend .(e) No error.
27. (a) The teacher said (b) to us that we (c) should stay at home (d) if it rains (e)No error.
28. (a) When the train will arrive at (b) the station (c) people will make a beeline at the gate (d) to get down from it (e) No error.
29. (a) Whenever (b) my mother is coming here,(c) she brings a lot of (d) chocolates for me .(e) No error.
30. (a) It is seeming (b) that you are familiar (c) to all the people (d) in this town .(e) No error.
Solutions
21. (b)Use ‘make’ instead of ‘made. It is universal truth.
22. (e) No error.
23. (e) No error.
24. (e) No error.
25. (d) Replace ‘visited’ by ‘visit’ because with ‘do/does/did’ we use first form of a verb.
26. (c) Replace ‘was not’ by ‘had not been’ to make the sentence correct.
27. (d) Use ‘rained’ instead of ‘rains’ because all the sentence is in the past.
28. (a) Replace ‘will arrive’ by ‘arrives’ because it is conditional sentence.
29. (b) ‘replace ‘is coming’ by ‘comes’ because it describes a habitual action.
30. (a) Use ‘It seems’ because ‘seem’ is a static verb.
Questions
31. (a) The old lady who is standing in that room(b) lived here for more than (c) five years but she has never talked (d) to me .(e) No error
32. (a) An atheist is a person (b) who is not believing in God (c) but a theist is a person (d) who believes in the existence of God woman. (e) No error.
33. (a) The secret of his good (b) health lies in the fact that (c) he is getting up at the crack of dawn (d) and goes for a morning walk daily (e) No error.
34. (a) Now- a days he teaches maths (b) because the teacher of maths (c) has been coming (d) for two months.(e) No error.
35. (a) she seems to be vivacious and cheerful (b) because her parents (c) had come to Delhi (d) to spend some time with her.(e) No error.
36. (a) “ It is high time (b) you are starting (c) saving money for the future (d) my friend said to me.(e) No error.
37. (a) I have come (b) to know today that (c) you have met with (d) an accident last week .(e) No error.
38. (a) Many of my friends (b) are living in (c) my vicinity but (d) none of them came to my house yet.(e) No error.
39. (a) She says(b) that she will not go to school (c) by cycle (d) in case it will rain (e) No error.
40. (a) I will let you know(b) as soon as I will get (c) any information (d) regarding your salary .(e) No error.
Solutions
31. (b) ‘lived’ should be replaced by ‘have lived’ or ‘have been living’.
32. (b) Use ‘Who does not believe’ because it is a static verb.
33. (c) Use ‘He gets up’ instead of ‘he is getting up’ because it is a habitual action.
34. (a) Use ‘he is teaching mathematics’ because ‘now a days’ is generally used in the continuous tense.
35. (c) Replace ‘had’ by ‘have' because the sentence is in the present tense.
36. (b) Use ‘you started’ because after ‘It is time/It is high time/ It is good time/ It is about time’ we use simple past tense.
37. (c) Replace ‘have met’ by ‘met’ because ‘last week/month/year’ are generally used in the simple past tense.
38. (d) Replacer ‘came’ by ‘has come’ because ‘yet and so far’ are generally used in the present perfect tense.
39. (d) Replace ‘will rain’ by ‘rains’ because after ‘incase/as soon as/as long as/when/before/after/until/till/unless’ we use simple present tense.
Example- I will call you when I will reach home. (incorrect)
I will call you when I reach home. (correct)
40. (b) Use ‘I get’ instead of ‘will get’. See explanation of 39.
Questions
41. (a) When she will go home (b) her mother will (c) give her (d) a sound thrashing, be sure (e) No error.
42. (a) This is, indeed,(b) the first time in my life that (c) I met (d) such a wonderful man. (e) No error.
43. (a) Before the alarm (b) stopped ringing (c) she had pulled up (d) the shade .(e) No error.
44. (a) I have been knowing (b) him for two years (c) but I don’t know (d) where he resides in this city .(e) No error.
45. (a) I lived (b) in Lucknow since 2011, (c) therefore I know everything about this city.(e)No error.
46. (a) If he had (b) a few hours to spare,(c) he would have spent (d) them with the poor . (e) No error.
47. (a) All the flowers (b) in this area will definitely wither (c) before the rains (d) will fall. (e) No error.
48. (a) If you would have behaved properly, (b) in the class you would not have been (c) thrown out of the class (d) like this. (e) No error.
49. (a) She told me that (b) if the police had reached on time (c),the thief would not (d) have take to heels .(e) No error.
50. (a) I wish (b) he caught you red handed (c) when you were (d) breaking into his house (e) No error.
Solutions
41. (a) Use ‘she goes home’. See explanation of 39.
42. (c) Use ‘have met’ instead of ‘met’. We use present perfect after ‘It is first time/second time/third time etc. or It is the best/worst/easiest etc.
Example- It is the best book that I ever written. (incorrect)
It is the best book that I have ever written. (correct)
43. (e) No error.
44. (a) Replace ‘have been knowing’ by ‘have known’ because ‘know’ is a static verb.
45. (a) Use ‘have lived or have been living’.
46. (a) Use ‘he had had a few hours’ to make the sentence correct.
47. (d) Use ‘falls’ instead of ‘will fall’. See the explanation of 39.
48. (a) Replace ‘would have’ by ‘had’ to make the sentence correct.
49. (d) Use ‘taken to heels’ because we use third form of a verb after ‘would have’.
50. (b) use " had caught" to make the sentence correct.
Friday, December 04, 2020
Thursday, December 03, 2020
FUTURE TENSE ( PART -34)
Future Tense
Simple Future Tense
Structure-
1. Affirmative:- Subj. + will/shall + V1 + obj.
He will call you.
2. Negative:- Subj. + will/shall + not + V1 + obj.
He will not call you.
3. Interrogative:- Will/shall+ subj. + V1 + obj?
Will he call you?
4. Inter & neg:- (i) Will/shall+ subj. +not + V1 + obj?
Will he not call you?
(ii) Will/shall+ not +subj. + V1 + obj? Won’t he call you?
(iii) Wh. + will/shall+ subj. +not + V1 + obj?
Why will he not call you?
(iv) Wh. + will/shall+ not +subj. + V1 + obj?
Why won’t he call you?
Important Rules
Rule 1. We generally use ‘shall’ for 1st person pronoun (I, we) and ‘will’ for 2nd person pronouns.
Examples
1. India will win the match.
2. You will be 25 next Monday.
Note- In modern English, we can use ‘will’ with I & we but in interrogative sentences, we must use only ‘shall’ with I & we.
Examples
1. Will we have lunch? (incorrect)
2. Shall we have lunch? (correct)
Rule 2. Future meaning can also be represented in the following ways without using ‘will / shall’.
Examples
1. It is about to rain.
2. We are going to have lunch.
3. The movie releases on the 25th of December.
4. He is to attend his friend’s marriage tomorrow.
Future Continuous Tense
Structure-
1.Affirmative:- Subj. + will/shall + be V1st + ing + obj.
He will be telling a lie.
2. Negative:- Subj. + will/shall + not + be V1st + ing + obj.
He will not be telling a lie.
3. Interrogative:- Will/shall + subj.+ be V1st + ing + obj?
Will he be telling a lie?
4. Inter & neg:-( i)
shall/ will+subj+not+be+V1st +ing+obj? Will he not be telling a lie?
(ii) Will/shall + not + subj.+ be V1st + ing + obj?
Won’t he be telling a lie?
(iii) Wh + will/shall + subj.+ not + be V1st + ing + obj?
Why will he not be telling a lie?
(iv) Wh + will/shall + not + subj.+ be V1st + ing + obj?
Why won’t he be telling a lie?
Important Rules
Rule 1. It is used to express an action that will be in progress at a time in the future.
Examples
1. This time tomorrow, I shall be watching cricket on T.V.
2. When you reach there, he will be teaching English.
Rule 2. To express actions planned to take place in the future.
Examples
1. The train will be arriving soon.
2. He will be staying with us till Saturday.
Future Perfect Tense
Structure-
1. Affirmative:- Subj. + will/shall + have + V3rd + obj.
He will have taken lunch.
2. Negative:- Subj. + will/shall + not+ have + V3rd + obj.
He will not have taken lunch.
3. Interrogative:- Will/shall + subj. + have + V3rd + obj?
Will he have taken lunch?
4. Inter & neg:- (i) will /shall + subj. not+ have + V3rd + obj?
Will he not have taken lunch?
(ii) Will/shall + not+ subj. have + V3rd + obj?
Won’t he have taken lunch?
(iii) Wh. + will/shall + subj. not+ have + V3rd + obj?
Why will he not have taken lunch?
(iv) Wh. + will/shall + not+ subj. have + V3rd + obj?
Why won’t he have taken lunch?
Important Rules
Rule 1. It is used to express actions that will be completed by a certain time in the future.
Example
1. I shall have completed my assignment by the end of April.
If two actions take place in the future, the former must be in the future perfect tense and the latter in the simple present.
Structure-
(i) perfect tense + before/when + simple present .
(ii) Simple present tense + after + future perfect tense .
Examples
1. When you will reach the station, the train will have departed. (incorrect)
1. When you reach the station, the train will have departed. (correct)
2. After he will have left for school, I will go to his home. (incorrect)
2. After he will have left for school, I go to his home. (correct)
3. By the time she will understand anything, the thief will have fled. (incorrect)
3. By the time she understands anything, the thief will have fled. (correct)
Future Perfect continuous tense
Structure-
Subj. + will have / shall have + V1st + ing + obj. + for/ from + time.
Examples
1. He will have been reading a novel for 2 hours.
2. He will not have been reading a novel for 2 hours.
3. Will he have been reading a novel for 2 hours?
4. Will he not have been reading a novel for 2 hours?
Important Rule
Rule 1. It is used to express an action which will continue over a period of time that will end in the future.
Examples
1. He will have been teaching English since 2020. (incorrect)
2. He will have been teaching English from 2020. (correct)
Note- ‘Since’ is replaced by from because ‘since’ is definite and future is indefinite/uncertain.
Wednesday, December 02, 2020
PAST TENSE (Part - 33)
Past Tense
Past Indefinite or simple past tense
Structure-
1. Affirmative:-Subj. + V2nd+ obj. She sang a song.
2. Negative:- Subj. + did + not + v1st+ obj. She didn’t sing a song
3. Interrogative:- Did +subj. + v1st+ obj? Did she sing a song?
4. Interro & neg:-(i) Did +subj. + not + v1st+ obj?
Did she not sing a song?
(ii) Didn’t +subj. + v1st+ obj? Didn’t she sing a song?
(iii) Wh. + did +subj. + not + v1st+ obj? Why did she not sing a song?
(iv) Wh. + Didn’t +subj. + v1st+ obj? Why didn’t she sing a song?
Some Important Rules
Rule 1. It is used to indicate an action completed in the past. (often with an adverb/adverb of past time)
Examples
a. Saif met me yesterday.
b. We went to Delhi by train last month.
Rule 2. It is used to describe a past habit.
Examples
a. She always quarreled with me.
b. He called me every day.
Rule 3. It is used after expression as “it is time, it is high time, it is good time”.
Examples
a. It is time you should work hard. (incorrect)
b. It is time you worked hard. (correct)
Note:- If ‘to’ comes after it is time, it is high time, it is good time, we use first form of a verb.
Example
a. It is time to work hard. (correct)
Rule 4. We use simple past to indicate an unreal / imaginary situation with the help of these words- wish, if, as if, and as though.
Examples
a. If I was rich, I would gift you a bike on your birthday. (incorrect)
b. If I were rich, I would gift you a bike on your birthday. (correct)
c. She talks as if she was mad. (incorrect)
d. She talks as if she were mad. (correct)
e. He wishes he has a lot of money. (incorrect)
f. He wishes he had a lot of money. (correct)
See some more sentences of ‘If’
Structure
1. If + simple present tense, simple future tense
Example
If you look at her, you will take fancy to her beauty.
2. If+ simple paste tense, Subj. + would + V1st + obj.
Example
If you looked at her, you would take fancy to her beauty.
3. (i) If past perfect tense, subj.+ would have V3rd+obj.
or
(ii) had + subj+V3rd+obj, subj.+ would have V3rd+obj.
Examples
(i) If you had looked at her, you would have taken fancy to her beauty.
(ii) Had you looked at her, you would have taken fancy to her beauty.
Rule 5. Simple past is used to indicate preference with this structure.
Structure
Would rather + simple past
Examples
a. I would rather you take a taxi. (incorrect)
b. I would rather you took a taxi. (correct)
Rule 6. Yesterday, last day, last night, last month, last week, last year, ago, 2 days ago, 3 months ago etc. 1991, 1992, 1993 etc. These adverbs are used only in the simple past tense.
Examples
1. I have completed my graduation in 2014. (incorrect)
2. I completed my graduation in 2014. (correct)
3. The class has started 10 minutes ago. (incorrect)
3. The class started 10 minutes ago. (correct)
Past Continuous Tense
Structure-
1.Affirmative:- Sub + was/were + V1 + ing + obj.
She was singing a song.
2. Negative:- Sub + was/were +not+ V1 + ing + obj.
She was not singing a song
3. Interrogative:- Was/were + sub + V1 + ing + obj?
Was she singing a song?
4. Inter & neg:-
(i) Was/ were+sub+not+V1+ing + obj? Was she not singing a song?
(ii) Was/ were + not+ sub + V1 + ing + obj? .
Wasn’t she singing a song?
(iii) Wh + was/were + sub + not +V1 +ing + obj? .
Why was she not singing a song?
(iv) Wh + was/were + not +sub + V1 + ing + obj?
Why wasn’t she singing a song?
Important Rules
Rule 1. It is used to indicate an action going on at some time in the past.
Examples
1. When I saw her, she played with her hair. (incorrect)
2. When I saw her, she was playing with her hair. (correct)
3. He hurt his knee while he played football. (incorrect)
4. He hurt his knee while he was playing football. (correct)
Rules 2. It is also used to indicate two tasks occurring together.
Examples
1. While I was reading a novel, my sister cooked food. (incorrect)
2. While I was reading a novel, my sister was cooking food. (correct)
Past Perfect Tense
Structure-
1. Affirmative:- Subj. + had + V3 + obj. He had gone mad.
2. Negative:- Subj. + had + not + V3 + obj. He had not gone mad.
3. Interrogative :- Had +subj.+ V3 + obj? Had he gone mad?
4. intr & neg:-(i) Had +subj. +not + V3 + obj?
Had he not gone mad?
(ii) Had +not +subj.+ V3 + obj? Hadn’t he gone mad?
(iii) Wh +had +subj. +not + V3 + obj? How had he not gone mad?
(iv) Wh. +had +not +subj.+ V3 + obj? How hadn’t he gone mad?
Important Rules
Rule 1. It describes an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
Examples
1. They had earned a lot of money.
2. She had lost her book.
Rule 2. To show that an action happened before a specific time in the past.
Examples
1. He had established his institute before 2010.
2. I had never watched this movie until last week.
Rule 3. If two actions took place in the past, the former must be in the past perfect tense and the latter in the simple past.
Structure-
(i) Past perfect + before / when + simple past .
(ii) Simple past + after + past perfect .
Examples
1. When I had reached school, It started raining. (incorrect)
2. When I reached school, It had started raining. (correct)
3. She had taken her lunch when I had called her. (incorrect)
4. She had taken her lunch when I called her. (correct)
5. The train had departed before he had arrived at the station. (incorrect)
6. The train had departed before he arrived at the station. (correct)
7. He went to bed after he had taken dinner. (correct)
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure-
1.Affirmative:- Subj. +had been + V1 + ing + obj. +since/for + time.
He had been reading newspaper since morning.
2. Negative:- Subj. +had +not + been + V1 + ing + obj. +since/for + time.
He had not been reading newspaper since morning.
4. Interrogative:- Had + subj.+ been + V1 + ing + obj. +since/for + time?
Had he been reading newspaper since morning?
5. (i) Inter & neg:- Had + subj.+ not + been + V1 + ing + obj. +since/for + time?
Had he not been reading newspaper since morning?
(ii) Had + not + subj.+ been + V1 + ing + obj. +since/for + time?
Hadn’t he been reading newspaper since morning?
(iii) Wh +had + subj.+ not + been + V1 + ing + obj. +since/for + time?
Why had he not been reading newspaper since morning?
(iv) Wh +had + not + subj.+ been + V1 + ing + obj. +since/for + time?
Why hadn’t he been reading newspaper since morning?
Important Rule
Rule 1. It is used for an action that started before a certain period in the past and continued up to that moment.
Examples
1. She had been working for a newspaper for 4 years.
2. They had been watching the movie for 2 hours.
Tuesday, December 01, 2020
PRESENT TENSE ( PART - 32)
Time and Tense
The word ‘tense’ has been derived from the Latin ‘tempus’ means time.
There are three main tenses.
1- Present Tense
2- Past Tense
3- Future Tense
PRESENT TENSE
1. Present Indefinite or Simple Present tense.
2. Present continuous tense.
3. Present perfect tense.
4. Present perfect continuous tense.
Present Indefinite or Simple Present tense.
Structure-
1. Affirmative:- Subj. + V1st + Obj. Ex- She sings a song.
2. Negative:- Subj. + do/does+ not+ V1st+obj.
Ex- She does not sing a song.
3. Interrogative:- (i) Do/does+ Subj.+ V1st+ Obj.?
Ex- Does She sing a song?
(ii) Wh. + Do/does+ Subj.+ V1st + Obj.? Ex- Why does She sing a song?
4. Inter.&neg:- (i) Do/does+ Subj. +not+ V1st+ obj?
Ex- Does She not sing a song?
(ii) Do/does+ not+ Subj.+ V1st+ Obj.? Ex- Doesn’t She sing a song?
(iii) Wh.+ Do/does+ Subj. +not+ V1st+ Obj?
Ex- Why does She not sing a song?
(iv) Wh. +Do/does+ not +Subj.+ V1st+ Obj.?
Ex- Why doesn’t She sing a song?
Some important rules
Rule 1. Simple present is used to express a habitual action
Examples
a. He goes for a morning walk daily.
b. She takes breakfast every day at 8o’ clock.
Rule 2. It is used to express a universal truth.
Examples
a. The Sun rises in the east.
b. Water freezes at zero degree Celsius.
Rule 3. In exclamatory sentences beginning with ‘Here and There’.
Examples
a. Here comes the train!
b. There She goes putting on airs!
Rule 4. To express a planned action in the future.
Examples
a. The next train is at 8 o’clock tomorrow.
b. The class starts at 4 o' clock in the evening.
Rule 5. It is used in Newspaper headlines.
Example
a. The Enforcement Directorate seizes Rs 25 crore assets in PNB fraud.
b. SEBI gets teeth to act against exchange.
Rule 6. It is generally used in commentary or storytelling.
Exmples
a. The ball hits the net and he loses the point.
b. The main character finds the ring and saves the girl.
Rule 7. If the main clause is in the future tense then in case of conditional sentences, simple present tense is used in subordinate clause.
If, even if, when, until, unless, till,
Before, provided after, in case, as soon as, as long as. These words are followed by present indefinite tense and the other sentence will be in future tense.
Examples
1. He will not stand by you even if you will beg for it. (incorrect)
2. He will not stand by you even if you beg for it. (correct)
3. I shall give you a tinkle as soon as I will reach Delhi. (incorrect)
4. I shall give you a tinkle as soon as I reach Delhi. (correct)
5. In case you will run short of money, he will help you. (incorrect)
6. In case you run short of money, he will help you. (correct)
7. You will pass the exam provided you will practice daily. (incorrect)
8. You will pass the exam provided you practice daily. (correct)
9. She will wait for you until you come. (correct)
Present continuous tense
Structure-
1. Affirmative- Subj.+ is/am/are+ V1st+ing+obj.
Ex- He is telling a lie.
2. Negative- Subj.+ is/am/are + not+ V1st+ing+obj.
Ex- He is not telling a lie.
3. Interrogative-(i) Is/am/are + subj.+ V1st+ing+obj?
Ex- Is he telling a lie?
(ii) Wh.+ Is/am/are + subj.+ V1st+ing+obj?
Ex- Why Is he telling a lie?
3. Inter & neg:-(i) Is/am/are + subj. +not+ V1st+ing+obj?
Ex- Is he not telling a lie?
(ii) Is/am/are + not+ subj.+ V1st+ing+obj?
Ex- Isn’t he telling a lie?
(iii) Wh. + Is/am/are +subj. +not+ V1st+ing+obj?
Ex- Why is he not telling a lie?
(iv) Wh.+ Is/am/are +not+ subj. + V1st+ing+obj?
Ex- Why isn’t he telling a lie?
Some Important Rules
Rule 1. It is used for an action that is happening at the time of speaking.
Examples
1. He is reading a novel
2.The girls are dancing.
Rule 2. For an action to be taken place in the near future.
Examples
1. His father is going to Delhi tomorrow.
2. She is coming to my home in the evening.
Rule 3. There are some verbs that are not used in continuous tense such verbs are called static verbs.
1. Verbs of perception- see, hear, smell, feel, taste.
2. Verbs of thinking- think, suppose, agree, consider, perceive, understand.
3. Verbs of emotions- hope, want, desire, refuse, believe, doubt, detest, appreciate, admire, fear.
4. Verbs of possession- own, have, belong, comprise, possess, contain, consist of.
5. Verbs in general- look, seem, appear, affect, resemble, cost, require, stand, face, become.
Read these sentences carefully.
Incorrect Correct
1.I am owning a car. 1. I own a car.
2. This building is belonging to her. 2. This building belongs to her.
3. He is not loving you. 3. He does not love you.
4. She is not meaning this. 4. She does not mean this.
5. The temple is standing in the 5. The temple stands in the heart of the city. in the heart of the city.
6. This novel is containing 200 pages. 6. This novel contains 200 pages.
7. He is having no house to live in. 7. He has no house to live in.
8. She is seeming sad. 8. She seems sad.
9. These mangoes are tasting sweet. 9. These mangoes taste sweet.
10. I am thinking you are wrong. 10. I think you are wrong.
Rule 4. These verbs can be used in the continuous tense if the action is temporary.
Examples
1.The rose smells sweet. Static verb
2. He is smelling a white rose. Temporary action
3. I have a red car. Static verb
4. I am having my lunch. Temporary action
5. He was looking at her. Temporary action
6. A doctor is feeling her pulse. Temporary action
7. I think he will help you. Static verb
8. He is thinking of going to London. Temporary action
See some more examples-
1 .He is reading a novel since morning. (incorrect)
2. He has been reading a novel since morning. (correct)
3. She is singing a song for two hours. (incorrect)
3. She has been singing a song for two hours. (correct)
Present Perfect Tense
Structure-
1. Affirmative:- Subj. + has/have + V3rd + obj.
Ex 1. He has met her.
2. Negative:- Subj. + has/have + not + V3rd + obj.
Ex 2. He has not met her.
3. Interrogative:- Has/have + subj. + V3rd + obj.?
Ex 3. Has he met her?
4. Interro& neg:-(i) Has /have + subj. + not + V3rd + obj.?
Ex 4. Has he not met her?
(ii) Has/have + not + subj. + V3rd + obj.? Ex 5. Hasn’t he met her?
(iii) Wh+ has/have + subj. + not + V3rd + obj.?
Ex 6. Why has he not met her?
(iv) Wh. + has/have + not + subj. + V3rd + obj.?
Ex 7. Why hasn’t he met her?
Some Important Rules
Rule 1. It is used if the time is not given or not definite for the completion of task.
Examples
1. Have you ever been to Nainital?
2. I have never seen you singing.
3. She has read this book.
Rule 2. To denote an action that started in the past and is still in continuation.
Examples
1. We have known him for three years.
2. I have taught English for 4 years.
Rule 3. Never, ever, so far, till now, yet, already, today, this week, this month, lately, recently, are generally used in present perfect tense.
Examples
1. He has not taken lunch so far.
2. I have not met my friend today.
Rule 4. Yesterday, last day, last night, last month, last week, last year, ago, 2 days ago, 3 months ago etc. 1991, 1992, 1993 etc. can not be used in present perfect tense.
Examples
1. One of my friends has met me on the road yesterday. (incorrect)
2. One of my friends met me on the road yesterday. (correct)
3. India has won freedom in 1947. (incorrect)
3. India won freedom in 1947. (correct)
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure-
1. Affirmative- Subj. + has/have + been V1st +ing + obj. + since/for + time.
2. Negative- Subj. + has/have + not + been V1st +ing + obj. + since/for + time.
3. Interrogative- Has/have + subj. + been V1st +ing + obj. + since/for + time?
4. Intero & neg - Has/have + Subj + not + been V1st +ing + obj. + since/for + time?
Examples
1. He has been writing a letter since morning.
2. He has not been writing a letter since morning.
3. Has he been writing a letter since morning?
4. Has he not been writing a letter since morning?
Some Important Rules
Rule 1. It is used for the action that has started in the past and is still continuing.
Examples
1. These children have been making a noise for many hours.
2. They have been playing cricket for 3 hours.
Use of " since and for "
Since ( Point of Time / Definite Time )
1995,1996,1997,1998, 2000 etc.
January, February, March etc.
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday etc.
Last January, last February etc.
Last Sunday, last Monday etc.
Last week/month/year etc.
Yesterday, morning, evening etc.
2pm, 3pm, 2am, 3am etc.
2 o’clock, 3 o’clock etc.
Childhood, adolescence etc.
For ( Period Of Time / Indefinite Time)
2 years, 3 years , 6 years etc.
Two months, three months etc.
2 days, 3 days, 5 days etc.
Several months, several years etc.
Many days/months/years etc.
2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours etc.
See some more examples-
1. She is watching the movie for three hours. (incorrect)
2. She has been watching the movie for three hours. (correct)
3. He has been attending his classes for 15th Jan. (incorrect)
3. He has been attending his classes since 15th Jan. (correct)
Monday, November 16, 2020
MCQs On A Midsummer Night's Dream
https://drive.google.com/file/d/10usmSLigQ3FYWGehcNWZwftXxCaSoeLM/view?
Thursday, October 29, 2020
Friday, October 09, 2020
Wednesday, October 07, 2020
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Time and Tense The word ‘tense’ has been derived from the Latin ‘tempus’ means time. There are three main tenses. ... -
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