SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADJECTIVE ( Part-15)

         

          Some important rules

                       SOME AND ANY

Rule 1 :- Some is used in the positive sentence while any is used in the negative sentence and interrogative sentence.

EXAMPLES

1. Do you have some money? (use- any)

2. She has not read some novel. (use- any)

3. I shall post you any essays. (use- some)

Rule 2. ‘Any’ should also be used in the affirmative sentence after if.

Example

1. If you need some money to continue your education, I will give you. (use- any)

Rule 3. Some can also be used in question to indicate an offer, request or when expected answer is “yes”.

Examples

1. Will you take some coffee? (offer)

2. Would you give me some books of English? (request)

3. Do you want to buy some novels? (I expect you do)

Rule 4:-                  

   

 Use of Little, a little and the little-

1. Little means :-  not much, hardly any:- It is used in the negative sense.

Examples

1. There is little chance of his selection for this post. (means he is not likely to be selected)

2. He has little money to buy a book.

3. There is little water in the bottle.

2. A little means:-  some though not much:- It is used in the positive sense.

Examples

1. There is a little chance of his selection for this post. (he may possibly be selected)

2. A little knowledge of computer is important for everyone. 

3. The little means :-  not much but all there is –

Example

1. The little knowledge of computer that he had helped him a lot to get a job.

(means the knowledge of computer he possessed was not much; but all that knowledge he had helped him a lot to get a job)

Note-

(i) Little is used for uncountable noun while few is used for countable noun.

(ii) We use  singular noun after little and plural noun after few.

Rule 5:-

Use of few, a few and the few

1. Few means not many, hardly any :- It has a negative meaning.

Examples

1. Few people are free from fault.

2. Few men in India can speak ten language.

2. A few means some, opposed to none:- It has positive meaning.

Examples

1. A few men are born great.

2. A few persons get up early in the morning.

3. The few means  not many but all there are.

Examples

1. The few friends that I have are very cooperative and helpful.

2. The few clothes that she gifted me were very expensive.

                                 Exercise

1. ………girls can speak queen’s English.

2……….books that I suggested to you were written with a view to competitive exams.

3………..money that you have can not quench my thirst.

4………..food I kept for you had been eaten by your brother.

5…………tact would have saved his life.

6. The police can not investigate the case as he gave them………information.

Answers-

1. A few 2.The few 3.The little 4.the little 5.A little 6.little.

                  less and fewer

Rule 6:- less is used for uncountable noun while fewer is used for countable noun.

Examples

1. No less than 25 persons were died in the accident yesterday. (use- fewer)

2. She gave me fewer water than I required. (use- less)

Rule 7:- Older and oldest are used for both persons and things while elder and eldest are used only for the members of the same family.

Older+ than (not ‘to’)

Elder + to (not ‘than’)

Examples

1. Zaid is elder than his brother. (use- older as there is a comparison between two brother)

2. Zaid is his older brother. (use- elder as there is no comparison)

3. This dog is older than that one. (correct)

4. The Taj Mahal is older than the Red Fort. (correct)

5. She is elder to her sister by 4 years. (correct)

       Use of father and further

Rule 8:- Farther is used for distance while further is used for something additional.

Examples

1. Lucknow is farther from Delhi than Kanpur. (correct)

2. The police need farther information to look into the case. (use- further)

3. Please post this letter without farther delay. (use- further)

           Use of either and both

Rule 9:-  Either is used to indicate anyone from the two while both indicates two together.

Examples

1. Either boy is dragging me into this affair without any rhyme or reason.

2. Both the boys have been involved in difficulties.

    Use of latter, later and last, latest.

Rule 10:- Later and latest are used for time.

While latter and last are used for position.

Examples

1. The later part of the novel is written carelessly. (use- latter)

2. He stayed with me in Lucknow latter than I thought. (use- later)

3. We expect to get the last news from my friend in a few hours. (use- latest)

4. She was sitting on the latest bench. (use- last)

5. Have you heard the last/latest news of news of this week. (both are correct but meaning is different)

 

    Difference between latter and last.

Rule 11:- Latter is used for two persons or things while last is used for more than two persons or things.

Examples

1. Among John, Peter and Lucy the latter one is a player. (use- last)

2. Both the tiger and the leopard belong to cat family but the former is much more ferocious than the last. (use- latter as comparison between two animals)

Rule 12:- Use of As……As and So…….As

'As…….As' is used both in positive and negative sentence.

'So……As' is used only in the negative sentence.

Examples

1. She is not as beautiful as her sister.

2. She is not so beautiful as her sister.

3. He is as intelligent as his brother.

4. He is so intelligent as his brother. (incorrect because so…as doesn’t come in positive sentence)

Rule 13 :- Use of nearest and next

'Nearest'  is used for the shortest distance.

'Next'  indicates position coming one after another.

Examples

1. Why don’t you play the next song?

2. Which is the nearest railway station from here.

3. His house is next to the police station.

Rule 14:-  Use of whole and all

(i) The/ possessive adjective + whole + N. (S.) ……..V.(S.)

(i)  All+ the/possessive adjective + N. C. (P.)……….V(P.)

 ii- all+the/possessive adjective +N.U.(S.…………V(S.)

Examples

1. He said that he would make an apology to the whole of Asia for his country’s past behavior.

2. We spent whole the summer in America last year. (use- the whole)

3. He was told to pack up his all belongings. (use- all his)

4. She invited all her friend to her birthday party. (use- friends)

Rule 15 :- 7 adjectives ending in ‘or’ are followed by ‘to’ for comparison.

Superior, inferior, junior, senior, posterior, anterior, prior + to (not than)

Examples

1. Her marriage was prior to her father’s death.

2. All his colleagues are junior to him.

Rule 16:- 5 adjectives ending in ‘or’ have lost their comparative meanings, they are used only as positive degree.

Interior, exterior, major, minor, ulterior + (not ‘to/than’)

Examples

1. I have no ulterior motive in offering you help.

2. His age is a matter of minor importance.

3. The exterior wall of this house is made of wood.

Rule 16:- 5 adjectives ending in ‘er’ have lost their comparative meanings, They are used as positive degree only.

Former, latter, upper, inner, outer, utter + (not ‘to/than’)

Examples

1. The inner meaning of this letter is not clear.

2. This man is an utter fool.

3. They heard a voice in the outer room.

Rule 17:-  use of good and well

Good is an adjective it qualifies a noun while well is an adverb it qualifies a verb.

Examples

1. Her performance was well on the stage last night. (use- good as performance is a noun)

2. She performed good on the stage last night. (use- well as performed is a verb)

Rule 18:- kind of, sort of, type of

'kind of, sort of, type of' are used both in the singular and plural form.

  

Examples

1. She doesn’t like this kind of dress.

2. She doesn’t like these sorts of dresses.

KINDS OF ADJECTIVE (Part-14)

  Kinds of adjective

1. Proper adjective:- An adjective that is formed from a proper noun, is called a proper adjective.

Examples

Indian, American, European, Chinese, Canadian etc.

1. Two American doctors have won Nobel prize for medicine this year.

2. Adjective of quality:- Words that are used to describe good or bad quality of a person or thing.

Examples

Beautiful, handsome, ugly, bad, good etc.

1. Cosmetic industries hire gorgeous women to sell their skincare products.

3. Adjective of quantity:- Words that show quantity.

Examples

All, some, no, any, little, enough, sufficient etc.

1. She has eaten some rice. 

4. Adjective of number:- Words that show how many persons or things are meant.

Examples

All, some, one, two, first, second etc.

There are two types of numeral adjective-

1. Definite numeral adjective

2. Indefinite numeral adjective

1. Definite numeral adjective:- Words that show exact number. They are of two types.

1 . Cardinals:- One, two, three, four etc.

2. Ordinals:- First, second, third, Fourth etc.

Note:-

 When both cardinal and ordinal come together in a sentence, we follow ‘OC’ order (OC stands or ordinal and then cardinal)

Examples

1. The two first chapters of this book are very interesting. (incorrect) 

2. The first two chapters of this book are very interesting. (correct)

2. Indefinite numeral adjective:- Words that do not show exact number.

Examples

All, some, many, few, certain, several etc.

1. A few girls have participated in the quiz.

Adjective of quantity                          Adjective of number

1. He ate some rice.                           1. Some boys are diligent.

2. She has spent all her money.       2. All men are mortal.

3. You have no sense.                        3. There are no fans in this hall.

5. Distributive adjective:- Words that refer to each one from the number.

Each, every, either, neither.

Each, every, either, neither + N.S + V(S.)

Examples

1. Neither roads will lead to my house. (use- road )

2. Every room have a window facing the ocean. (use- has)

6. Demonstrative adjective:- Words that points out which person or thing is meant.

This, that, these, those.

This, that + N. (S.)+V.(S.)

These, those + N.(P.)+V.(P.)

Examples

1. This novel is very interesting.

2. These novels are very interesting.

Note-

 If this, that, these, those come immediately before a noun, they become demonstrative adjective and if a verb comes immediately after them, they become demonstrative pronoun.

Examples

1. This is an expensive pen. (Demonstrative pronoun)

2. This pen is expensive. 

(Demonstrative adjective)

3. These are good players. (Demonstrative pronoun)

4. These players are good. (Demonstrative adjective)

7. Interrogative adjective:- When ‘What, which and whose’ are used with nouns to ask questions, they are called.interrogative adjective.

Examples

Interrogative adjective                              Interrogative pronoun

1. Whose pen is this?                            1. Whose is this pen?

2. What kind of a girl do like?             2. What is your name?

3. Which book do you want?              3. Which is your book?

8. Possessive adjective:- Words that are used to show possession, are called possessive adjectives. They are always followed by a noun.

My, our, your, his, her, its, their + N.(S. /P.)

Examples

1. You all are entirely responsible for your actions.

2. Our action speaks louder than words. 

ADJECTIVE (Part-13)

 Words ending in  these letters, come in the category of adjectives.

1. AL:-  National, legal, logical, economical etc.

2. AR:- Familiar, regular, similar etc.

3. ARY:- Customary, contrary, necessary etc.

4. BLE:- Dependable, reliable, sensible etc.

5. IVE:- Attractive, supportive, attentive etc.

6. ENT:- Opulent, affluent, indolent, etc.

7. OUS:- Dangerous, loquacious, famous etc.

8. FUL:-  Beautiful, graceful, plentiful etc.

 9. LESS:-  Fearless, shameless, hopeless etc.

10. SOME:-  Wholesome, quarrelsome, gladsome etc.

11. Y:- Wealthy, healthy, windy, greedy etc.

                        Adjective

Definition:- An adjective is a word that adds some meaning to the noun or pronoun.

Examples

1. She is an intelligent girl. (Adjective of quality)

2. I have five mangoes. (Adjective of number)

3. This is my house. (Possessive adjective)

Position of adjectives-

1. This is a nice pen. (Attributive adjective)

2. This pen is nice. (Predicative adjective)

Note:-

In the first sentence nice has been used attributively as a noun comes after it while in the second sentence nice is used predicatively as no noun comes after it.

PRONOUN EXERCISE (Part-12)

                               

                   Pronoun

Directions(Q.1-50): Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is “No error” the answer is ‘E'.(Ignore errors of punctuation if any.) 

Questions

1-He claims to have (a) read Shakespeare’s all great tragedies (b) who is the greatest(c) playwright of English (d) no error.(e)

2-She was more (a) garrulous than (b) either of her(c) three sisters (d) no error.(e)

3- Sarita (a) being a sizzling hot girl (b) she gives the cold shoulder(c) to everyone (d) no error.(e)

4-Mine is (a) the same (b) condition(c) as your (d) no error. (e)

5-Having visited the Zoo (a) along with my friends yesterday (b) they went to their houses (c)and I came back to my (d) no error.(e)

6-He lent me some (a) money on the condition (b) that I would return the same(c) before examination (d) no error.(e)

7-There are (a) twelve laborious employees (b) and eight lazy one(c) in this company (d) no error.(e)

8- I ran across (a) John and she (b) on the road(c) yesterday (d) no error.(e)

9-The boy (a) whom we met at (b) the railway station last night (c) is a delightful speaker (d) no error. (e)

10-I get (a) to see several people in this park daily (b) but none of them(c) has come today (d) no error.(e)

Solutions

1. (b) Use ‘all great tragedies of Shakespeare’ because who is used for Shakespeare.

2. (c) Replace ‘Either’ by ‘Any’ because either is used for two persons or things.

3. (c) Remove ‘She’. It is superfluous.

4. (d) Replace ‘Your’ by ‘yours’ because we always need a noun after your.

5. (d) Replace ‘My’ by ‘Mine’ because we always need a noun after my.

6. (c) ‘Same’ should be replaced by ‘it’ because the same can not be used at the place of a noun.

7. (c) ‘One’ should be replaced by ‘ones’ because we use plural noun or pronoun after ‘two, three, four etc.

8. (b) Replace ‘She’ by ‘Her’ because John and her are objects in the sentence.

9. (b) Replace ‘Whom’ by ‘Who’ because it becomes subject of ‘is’.

10. (e) No error.

Questions

11-I don’t like (a) those who drag (b) me into any affair without any (c) rhyme or  reason (d)no error.(e)

12-The Board of directors (a) want all possible facilities (b) and allowances for (c) itself (d) no error.(e)

13-I and you (a) should leave (b)no stone unturned (c) to be successful in life (d)no error.(e)

14-Her way of (a)speaking is  (b) more impressive(c) than your (d) no error.(e)

15-Every man and (a) every woman is trying (b) their best to get the children(c) well educated (d) no error.(e)

16-The principal and (a) the teacher (b) have decided (c) to go to picnic along with his students for the change (d) no error.(e)

17-She looks down upon everybody (a) and everything who (b) makes her retrospect (c)  of her past tragedy (d) no error.(e)

18-None (a) of these two girls (b) has watched(c) this movie before (d) no error.(e)

19-Each of (a) the four blockbuster movies (b) of Amir Khan (c) is worth watching (d) no error. (e)

20-Last night (a) I enjoyed a lot (b) with my friends (c) at the party (d) no error. (e)

Solutions

11. (e) No error.

12. (d) Replace ‘itself’ by ‘Themselves’ because ‘The board of directors’ are plural.

13. (a) It should be ‘you and I’ because the sentence is in the positive sense.

14. (d) ‘Your’ should be replaced by ‘yours’.

15. (c)Replace ‘Their’ by ‘His’ because two nouns that are joined with ‘each and every’ take singular verb and pronoun.

16. (d) Replace ‘His’ by ‘their’ because subject is the principal and the teacher.

17. (b) Replace ‘Who’ by ‘that’ because it is used for everybody and everything.

18. (a) Use ‘neither’ because ‘none’ is used for more than two persons or things.

19. (d) No error.

20. (b) Use ‘myself’ after ‘enjoy’ because it takes a reflexive pronoun if there is no object after it.

Questions

21-Seema is such an (a) intelligent and honest student (b) that we(c) expected (d) no error (e).

22-This is the boy (a) as met me some days ago and (b) won our sympathy(c) and affection at first sight (d) no error (e).

23-Any of the two (a) novels which describes (b) the real story of his childhood(c) is worth reading (d) no error (e)

24-Every of the five students (a) preparing for competitive (b) exams is accomplished (c) in mathematics (d) no error.(e)

25-Ramesh asked (a) for money to buy a new bike (b) but his father did (c) not give (d) no error.(e)

26-You and myself (a) will move heaven and earth (b) to get a prestigious job (c) in a renowned organization this year (d)no error.(e)

27-“They who are protesting (a) against SSC scam will not move from the CGO office (b) until they get the solution of their problems” said the(c) leader of the students (d) no error.(e)

28- I gave (a) all the Magazines to one of my friends that (b) I had bought (c) in Delhi (d) no error.(e)

29-The people (a) of Delhi are more (b) sedulous than(c) Lucknow (d) no error. (e)

30-There is none (a) who can stand by you (b) in this crucial moment(c)of your life (d)no error.(e)

Solutions

21. (c) Replace ‘that’ by ‘as’ because it has been used in the response of such.

22.  (b) Replace ‘as’ by ‘who’ because it has been used for ‘Boy’.

23. (a) Replace ‘Any’ by ‘Either’ because any is used for more than two persons or things.

24. (a) Replace ‘Every’ by ‘Everyone’ because every is an adjective and it needs a noun.

25. (a) Use ‘it’ after ‘give’ because give is a transitive verb and it always takes an object.

26. (a) Replace ‘myself’ by ‘I’ because myself is a reflexive pronoun and it can not be a subject.

27. (a) Replace ‘they’ by ‘those’.

28. (b) It should be ‘gave one of my friends all the magazines’ because that has been used for magazines.

29. (d) It should be ‘those of Lucknow’ because comparison is with ‘people’.

30. (b) Replace ‘who’ by ‘that’ because we use ‘that’ after these words – all, the same, none, the only, the little, the few.

Questions

31-This is the same (a) dog which met with an accident yesterday (b) but fortunately did not(c) get any serious injury (d) no error.(e)

32-Whomever (a) comes late will not be allowed (b) to sit for (c) the examination (d)no error.(e)

33-The only book (a) which I have written (b) is selling like a hot cake (c) now-a-days (d) no error. (e)

34- The colleges (a) affiliated with this university (b) are better than (c) that university (d) no error.(e)

35-He is one of (a) those who would much rather (b)sacrifice his life than turn (c) disloyal to the country (d)no error.(e)

36-The Doctor ordered (a) the peon to (b) let Seema (c) and I come in (d) no error.(e)

37-They also help the poor (a) who really sympathize (b) with them in the moments (c) of the distress (d)no error.(e)

38-The novel(a)I have written  (b)influences people more (c)than you have(d)no error.(e)

39-He was much (a) more delightful than me (b) to see the enchanting and captivating scene (c) of Kashmir (d) no error.(e)

40-The five sisters (a) are at draggers-drawn (b) so they feel it below their dignity(c) to talk to each other (d) no error.(e)

Solutions

31. (b) Replace ‘which’ by ‘that’ .for detailed explanation, see explanation 30.

32. (a) Replace ‘whomever’ by ‘whoever’ because it is the subject of the verb ‘comes’.

33. (b) Replace ‘which’ by ‘that’ for detailed explanation, see explanation 30.

34. (d) Use ‘those affiliated with that university’ because comparison is with colleges.

35. (c) Replace ‘his by their’ because it has been used for ‘those’.

36. (d) Replace ‘I’ by ‘me’ we use objective case of a pronoun after ‘ let, but, except and all prepositions.

37. (e) no error.

38. (d) Use ‘the one after than’ because comparison is with ‘Novel’.

39. (b) Replace ‘me' by ‘I' because comparison is with ‘he’ that is a subjective case.

40. (d) Replace ‘each other by one another because each other is used for two persons or things.

Questions

41- These problems (a) are not only yours (b) but they are(c) my also (d) no error.(e)

42-If anyone has (a) completed the test (b) she may (c) go home (d) no error.(e)

43-One should (a) be faithful and loyal to his (b) country in all(c) circumstances (d) no error.(e)

44-The boy (a) which was arrested (b) growled at the police inspector (c) who was taking him to prison (d)no error .(e)

45-Everybody (a) who was working in that office gave(b)a day’s pay as their contributions (c) to the dependents of Mr. Sonu who had died in harness(d)no error.(e)

46-She (a) as well as her husband (b)made many sacrifices (c) to give their children a good education (d)no error.(e)

47-Though he was (a) much less experienced(b) he thought that he knew better(c) than me (d)no error.(e)

48-I introduced him (a) to my friends (b) as the anchor (c) of the program (d) no error.(e)

49-The guests (a) whom we are talking about (b) have come are (c) my brothers-in-law (d) no error. (e)

50-The girls (a) whom we met (b) at the theatre(c) were beautiful and brilliant (d)no error.(e)

Solutions

41. (d) Use ‘mine’ because ‘my’ is a possessive adjective and It always requires a noun.

42. (c) Replace ‘She’ by ‘He’. When the gender is not clear, preference is given to the masculine gender.

43. (b) Replace ‘his’ by ‘one’s 

44. (b) Replace ‘which’ by ‘who’ because it has been used for ‘boy’.

45. (c) Replace ‘their’ by ‘his’ because it has been used for ‘everybody’

46. (d) Replace ‘their’ by ‘her’ according to ‘She’.

47. (d) Replace ‘me’ by ‘I’ because comparison is with ‘he’.

48. (e) No error.

49. (b) Replace ‘whom’ by ‘who’ because it becomes the subject of ‘have come’.

50. (b) Replace ‘whom’ by ‘who’ because it becomes the subject of ‘were’.

PRONOUN (PART -11)

                       

  Relative Pronouns

Words that are used to connect a clause or a phrase to a noun or pronoun, is called a relative pronoun.

Examples

1. Saif is my nephew. He is very intelligent.

2. Here is a book. I purchased the book yesterday.

Now join the above sentences with the help of relative pronouns.

1. Saif is my nephew who is very intelligent.

2. Here is a book that I bought yesterday.

Subjective case                     Objective case

Who                                       Whom (for persons)

Which                                   which (for things & animals)

That                                        That (for persons, things & animals)

What                                      What (for things)

Rule 1. The antecedent of a relative pronoun should be placed immediately before the  relative pronoun.

Examples

1. John is working in a company who is my bosom friend. (incorrect)

2. John is my bosom friend who is working in a company. (correct)

3. John who is working in a company, is my bosom friend. (correct)

4. A girl was walking on the road who was run down by a car. (incorrect)

5. A girl who was walking on the road, was run down by a car. (correct)

Note:-

 A word that is used before a relative pronoun in the form of a noun or pronoun is called an antecedent.

Rule 2. Where to use  “who and whom”?

Examples

1. This is the boy whom I came across on the road yesterday, is preparing for SSC and bank. (use- who)

2. This is the girl whom I met at the railway station is, a very good singer. (use- who)

3. This is the man who I talked over the phone some days ago. (use- whom)

4. These are the students who I have taught English. (use- whom)

Rule 3. Don’t use conjunction (but, and) before relative pronoun ‘who’.

Examples

1. Ragni is a very intelligent girl but who has landed a job. (drop- but)

2. This is the boy and who is impeding the process of our project. (drop- and)

Rule 4. The verb of a relative pronoun is used according to its antecedent.

1. There are twenty five boys who has been selected. (use- have)

2. It is I who is singing a song. (use- am)

3. Kalidas is one of the poets who is famous all over the world. (use- are)

4. Shakespeare is only one of the writers who have written 154 sonnets. (use- has)

Note:-

Meaning of the last sentence- there are many writers but only Shakespeare has written 154 sonnets.

Rule 5. The antecedent of a relative pronoun should not be in the possessive case.

Examples

1. People like reading Shakespeare’s novel who is a great novelist of London. (incorrect)

2. People like reading the novel of Shakespeare who is a great novelist of London. (correct)

1. People like reading Shakespeare’s novel which is very interesting. (correct)

Rule 6. In the following cases we use relative pronoun only that (not who, which, whom)

1. After the superlative degree of an adjective.

Examples

1. He was the most eloquent speaker whom I ever heard. (use- that)

2. The wisest man who ever lived made mistakes. (use- that)

2. After these words. 

All, the same, none, nothing, the only, any, anybody, nobody, the little, the few.

Examples

1. All which glitters is not gold. (use- that)

2. Man is the only animal who can talk. (use- that)

3. The little knowledge which you have in the field of English grammar is enough to crack any exam. (use- that)

4. She gave me everything which she had. (use- that)

Note:-

 Both who and that can be used for all if all comes for persons.

Examples

1. All who/that are preparing for competitive exams can read this book. (Both are correct)

3. After the interrogative pronoun. (who, what)

Examples

1. What is in the world which is impossible for God? (use- that)

2. Who that met him did not compliment him on his good dress sense?

4. After a pair of antecedents, one denoting a person and the other denoting a thing or animal.

Examples

1. The boy and his dog that were going for walk did not come back home.( Correct)

Rule 7. Which is generally used for things or animals.

Examples

1. This is the house which I bought yesterday.

2. This is the dog which is mine.

Note

 Which can also be used for persons in the case of choice.

Examples

1. Only I know which of the two boys is more intelligent.

2. She knows which of her children is hungry.

Rule 8. ‘Whose and which of’ are used to show possession.

Examples

1. This is the boy whose name is Hatim.

2. This is the car whose colour is red.

3. A building whose windows are painted, looks beautiful.

4. A building of which windows are painted, looks beautiful.

   Compound Relative Pronoun

We use ‘ever’ or ‘soever’ in the relative pronoun to make compound relative pronoun.

Whoever, whosoever, 

whomever, whomsoever, 

whichever, whichsoever,

 

whatever, whatsoever.

Rule 1. Don’t use any antecedent before compound relative pronoun.

Examples

1. She bought the things whatever she liked. (drop- the things)

2. I shall invite everyone whomever I want. (drop- everyone)

3. Whoever wants can come to my birthday party. (Correct)

      Interrogative Pronoun

Words that are used to ask question are called relative pronoun.

Who, whom, what, which, whose.

Rule 1. Who is used to find out subject.

Example

1. Who has stolen my pen?

Rule 2. Whom is used to find out object.

1. Whom did you met yesterday?

Rule 3. Whose is used to find out owner.

Example

1. Whose is this book?

Rule 4. Which is used for choice or selection.

Examples

1. Which is your car?

2. Which of these cars do you like most?

Rule 5. What is used for things only.

Examples

1. What do you want?

2. What is your name?

Note:-

 In such sentences as what are you? What is she? The word what does not refer to person but to his profession or employment.

PRONOUN (PART -10)

        Reciprocal Pronoun

They are used to show a mutual relation .

1- Each other 

2- One other

1. Each other:- It is used for two persons or things.

2. One another:- It is used for more than two persons or things.

Examples

1. John and Peter are talking to  one another. (use- each other)

2. Five boys are talking to each other. (use one other)

3. They are fighting with each other/one other.

(both are correct)

See some more examples-

4. John and Peter are very good friends, they don’t quarrel with one another. (use- each other)

5. John, Peter and Lucy are friends, they do not fight with each other. (use- one another)

         Distributive pronouns

Each, everyone, either, neither.

Rule 1. Either means anyone from the two, while Neither means none from the two.

Examples

1. Either of the three students can solve this question. (use- two)

2. Neither of my friends has completed his assignment. (Correct)

Rule 2. Each is used for two or more than two, while Everyone is used only for more than two.

Examples

 1. Each of the students has applied for the post.(correct)

2. Everyone of the two girls knows how to sing a song. (use- each)

 3. Everyone of the ten dancer has participated in the music competition. (use- dancers)

Rule 3. Anyone or one means-  one from more than two, while no one or none means-  no one from more than two.

 1. Neither of the three boys is innocent. ( use- none or no one)

2. Either of the five boys is intelligent. (use- anyone or one )

3. Neither/none of the boys is active. ( Both are correct)

4. Either/one of them always speaks the truth. ( Both are correct)

Note- In 3rd and 4th sentences both are correct as number is not definite.

       Demonstrative Pronouns

They are used to point out a noun or pronoun.

This, that, these, those, such, the same.

Rule 1. This and that both are used for singular but this is for closer object and That is for distant object.

 Examples

1. This is a very sweet mango.

2. That is a very expensive pen.

Rule 2. These and those both are used for plural but these is for closer objects and those is for distant objects.

Examples

1. These are very sweet mangoes.

2. Those are very expensive pens.

Rule 3. That and those are also  used to avoid the repetition of a noun.

Examples

1. The map of Lucknow is more attractive than that of Delhi. (don’t use the map of Delhi)

2.The students of Lucknow are more industrious than those of Delhi.

3. I disturbed you but such was not my intention.

4. Both pens are good but this is better than that.

Rule 4. One and ones are also used to avoid the repetition of nouns.

Examples

1. These are new I phones but those are old ones.

2. This book is on a new pattern but that is an on old one.

              Indefinite Pronouns

Rule 1. One, anyone, someone, no one, anybody, somebody, nobody, anybody, anything, something, nothing, everything, another, much, little +………………..V. (S.)

Examples

1. Something are better than nothing. (use- is)

2. Someone have absconded with the cash from the safe. (use- has)

Rule 2. 

Many/others/few/both+……..V. (P)

Many/others/few/both of+ N.(P.)……..V (P)

Examples

1. Most of the students were present in the class yesterday but a few were absent.

1. Most of the students were present in the class yesterday but a few of them were absent.

Note- 

We make use of an indefinite pronoun and gender is not clear, preference is given to the masculine gender (he, him, his) in the use of pronouns.

Examples

1. Everybody is free to whatever she wants. (use- he)

2. Anyone can qualify the exam if she tries. (use- he)

3. One of them has got her score card. (use-his)

Rule 3.

▪️ We use plural noun and verb after all and some if they are used for countable nouns

▪️ We singular noun and verb after all and some if they are used for uncountable noun.

 

Examples

1. She has taken all the milk but some are left. (use- is) 

2. The station was piling up with a lot of people and all was waiting for the train. (use- were)

PRONOUN (part-9)

                  

               

Pronoun

Definition

A word that is used in the place of a noun, called a pronoun.

1. Zaid is a student of arts, he is my friend.

2. Zaid and Saleem are friends, They are studying in the same class.

Note-

In the first sentence ‘he’ has been used for ‘Zaid’ while in the second sentence ‘They’ has been used for ‘Zaid and Saleem’ to avoid the repetition of nouns.

  Types of Pronoun

1. Personal pronoun:- Pronouns that are used for three persons.

I, me, we, us, you, he, him, she, her, they, them, it.

2. Possessive pronoun:- Pronouns that show possession.

Mine, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs, its.

3. Reciprocal pronoun:- Pronouns that show mutual relations.

Each other, one another.

4.Reflexive pronoun:- Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself.

5. Relative pronouns:- Words that are used for nouns to describe function relating to.

Who, whom, that, which, whose.

6. Indefinite pronouns:- Words that are used for nouns in vague or general meaning.

Everybody, somebody, nobody, anybody, everyone, someone, no one, anyone, something, nothing, anything, everything, all, some, both, another.

7. Interrogative pronouns:- Words that are used to ask questions.

Who, whom, whose, which, what.

8. Emphatic pronouns:- All reflexive pronouns become emphatic pronouns when they are used to emphasize the subject.

Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself.

9. Demonstrative pronouns:- Pronouns that are used to point out soothing /somebody.

This, that, these, those, Such, the same.

10. Distributive pronouns:- Words that are used for individuals and objects referring to persons or things, one at a time.

Each, Everyone, Either, Neither.

NOUN - EXERCISE (part-8)

Directions(Q.1-50): Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is “No error” the answer is ‘D’.(Ignore errors of punctuation if any.) 

1-All his sister-in -laws (a)are extremely helpful (b)yet he does not miss them at all (c)no error(d)

2-Envy strikes a girl (a)when she sees her (b)boyfriend talk to another girl(c)no error(d)

3- Two summons have been(a) issued by the court but he has(b) not given his presence yet (c)no error(d)

4-She is among those woman (a)who received a bravery award not by chance(b)but by their courage and boldness(c)no error(d)

5-Sheeps are(a) reared for wool (b)and meat(c)no error(d)

6-he will not go to play(a)cricket today since he(b) has many work to do(c)no error(d)

7-you should be true(a) to your words if you want to get(b) respect from others(c)no error(d)

8-According to one official more(a) than five hundreds people (b)have been arrested(c)no error(d)

9-Hundred of people(a)have been killed and thousands(b) were made homeless(c)no error(d)

10-Fan’s blade is making (a)a creaking noise, it should be replaced(b) by the new one(c) no error(d)

                  Solutions

1. (a) drop‘s’ from laws and use ‘sisters’. while making plural of compound  nouns, we use ‘s’ in the main word.

2. (a) replace ‘envy’ with ‘ jealousy’ because envy means ‘desire to get sth. /sb that is in someone else’s possession and jealousy means ‘fear of losing sth/sb that is in your possession.

3. (a) replace ‘summons’ by summonses as after two, plural noun should be used.

4. (a) use ‘women’ because we use plural noun after those.

5. (a)It should be ‘sheep’ because sheep remains the same both in the singular and plural form

6. (c) Replace ‘many’ by much because work is uncountable and many is used with countable noun.

7. (a)It should be ‘true to your word. It’s a phrase.

8. (b) It should be ‘hundred’ because when numeral adjectives (2,3,4 etc)  come before hundred, thousand etc ,they are always used in the singular form.

9. (a) use ‘hundreds’ , if numeral adjectives don't come before hundred, thousand etc, they are always used in the plural form.

10. (a) It should be ‘the blade of the fan’. Because we don’t use apostrophe (‘s) with non living things.

Questions

11-She was wearing spectacle(a) to kill everyone at(b) the party last night(c)error(d)

12-Having sold all(a) the furnitures, he left the city (b)bag and baggage(c)no error(d)

13-The angry mob attacked the driver (a)who was trying to abscond from the scene(b) after running over a child(c) no error(d)

 14-He left his luggages(a) in the bus and boarded(b)the train for Delhi(c) no error(d)

15-Having met with an accident(a) he put his car in back gears(b) and drove on fast(c) no error(d)

16-No sooner had he reached the station(a) than he went to the ticket window(b) to take a ticket for Delhi(c) no error(d)

17-Without reading carefully(a) you should not put your sign(b) on any paper(c)no error(d)

18-Othello was written by Shakespeare(a) who was one of the most talented(b) writer of London(c) no error(d)

 19-the station was piling up with (a)a lot of people and there(b) was no space to stand(c)no error(d)

20-He was sentenced to death(a) as all the evidences were(b) against him(c) no error(d)

Solutions

11. (a) It should be ‘spectacles’ because ‘spectacle’ means ‘sight’.

12. (b)Use ‘furniture’ because It can not be in the plural form.

13. (a) Don’t use angry before ‘mob’ because mob means ‘angry people’.

14. (a) It should be ‘luggage’.

15. (b) Use ‘gear’.

16. (b) Replace ‘ticket window’ by ‘ticket counter’.

17. (b) Replace ‘sign’ by signature because ‘sign’ means symbol.

18. (c) It should be ‘writers’ .We use plural noun after ‘one of’ for example- one of the boys was present in the class yesterday.

19. (c) Replace ‘space’ by ‘room’ because space is used for a very small place while for standing, sitting and sleeping we use ‘room’.

20. (b) It should be ‘evidence was’.

Questions

21-His cousin brother was cheated (a)by a cheater in the train(b) on the way to Delhi(c) no error(d)

22-After considering pros and cons of the matter(a)the judge came to the final conclusion (b)that the prisoner should be absolved(c) no error(d)

23-The building in which(a) I have lived for five years(b) is made of stones(c) no error(d)

24-He not only preaches(a) but also practises (b)because he is a man of principals(c) no error(d)

25-My brother told me (a)that he went to(b) my friend’s Johan’s school the previous day(c) no error(d)

26-I have read (a)pages after pages (b)of this novel several times(c)no error(d)

27-Inspite of taking pain(a)over his work(b) he could not get a job(c)no error(d)

28-The poet has described (a)the beauty of the nature(b) in his poetries(c) no error(d)

29-He spent a fruitless 10 minutes(a) walking up and down the street desperately(b) and avoiding eye contact with passer-bys(c) no error(a)

30-he has landed a job(a) by means of hard work and now he is enjoying it(b) as he has administration ability(c) no error(d)

Solutions

21. (a) Cousin brother/ sister is incorrect, so use only ‘cousin’.

22. (b) We don’t use ‘final’ before conclusion, so It should be ‘conclusion or final decision’.

23. (c) It should be ‘stone’.

24. (c) ‘Principal’ should be replaced by ‘principles’.

25. (c) Two apostrophe (‘s) can not be used together, so It should be my friend, John’s school.

26. (b) use ‘page after page’ because the same noun that is used before and after a preposition should be in the singular form.

27. (a) It should be ‘take pains’ means- "to work hard".

28. (c) It should be ‘poetry’.

29. (c) Use ‘passers-by’

30. (c) It should be ‘administrative ability’ because two nouns can not come together.

Questions

31-In 1989 the price of the coffee fell so low (a)that in many countries It did not cover(b) the costs of the production(c) no error(d)

32-The food of a five-stars-hotel (a)can never be compared with(b)that of an ordinary hotel(c)no error(d)

33-Some old equipments(a) should be replaced with the new one(b) to perform the task(c) no error(d)

34-If you want to get strong breeze(a)you should get up (b)at the crack of dawn(c) no error(d)

35-The patient was advised(a) by a doctor to take three spoonsful (b)of the cough syrup twice a day(c) no error(c)

36- I think he has made(a) a big blunder by announcing(b)it ahead of time(c) no error(d)

37-Having received two important informations(a) from a layman the police started (b)looking into the case(c) no error (d)

38-The population of India has been (a) divided into two categories(b) haves and haves-not(c) no error(d)

39- You know it well (a)that mistake is not only from my end(b) but also by somebody else(c) no error (d)

40- He apprised me that he had gone (a)to one of the colleague’s houses and (b)spend there five hours(c)no error(d)

Solutions

31. (c) ‘Cost’ is uncountable, so It should be singular.

32. (a)It should be ‘star’. See explanation of question no. 8

33. (a) It should be ‘equipment’.

34. (a) Breeze is always gentle, so remove strong before it.

35. (b) The plural of ‘spoonful’ is ‘spoonfuls’.

36. (b) Remove ‘big’ before ‘blunder’.

37. (a) It should be ‘two important pieces of information’.

38. (a) It should be ‘haves and have-nots’.

39. (c) Use somebody else’s.

40. (b) use " the house of one of the colleagues ".

 

Questions

41-One of my students find (a)it difficult to get a job(b) in this rat race competition(c)no error (d)

42- One of my students who find it(a) difficult to land a job in(b) this cut-throat competition, work very hard(c) no error(d)

 43- She stays in a five stars hotel(a) and travels by air she ought (b)to be a rich girl(c)no error(d)

44-He covers (a) a two miles distance daily (b) to attend his classes(c) no error(d)

45-The poet describes (a) the beauty of the nature (b) in his poetries(c) no error(d)

46- He is among those luckiest person (a) who derived pleasure not by (b) chance but by helping others(c)no error(d)

47- Having completed graduation (a) two third of the total students(b) start preparing for competitive exams(C) no error(d)

48- She washes her hairs (a)every night and uses a fine quality of (b)shampoo to make it look attractive(c)no error(d)

49- The brethrens of this locality (a)are at daggers- drawn without any(b) apparent reason(c)no error(d)

50- Lakhs of thousands(a) of crores of rupees have been spent on food and (b)children’s education this year(c) no error(d)

Solutions

41. (d) use " finds" because subject is "one".

42. (c) Use ‘works very hard’ because subject is ‘one of my students’.

43. (a) Use ‘star’. For more details. see explanation no. 8

44. (b) use’ mile’.

45. Use " poetry".

46. (a) Use ‘persons’ we use plural noun after ‘those’.

47. (b) Use ‘two thirds’.

48. (a) Hair is uncountable, so It should be in the singular form.

49. (a) Drop ‘s’ from brethren because it is plural of brother.

50. (a) It should be in the ascending order like ‘thousands of lakhs of crores’.