Verb
The word ‘verb’ has been derived from the Latin ‘verbum’ which means 'word'.
A Verb is used to tell something about a person or thing.
Types of Verbs
. Verb .
1- Finite Verb 2- Non- Finite verb
. Finite Verb .
1- Main verb 2- Auxiliary verb
. Main Verb .
1-Transitive verb 2- Intransitive verb
. Auxiliary Verb .
1- Primary Auxiliary 2- Modal Auxiliary
NON- FINITE VERB
Infinitive
Gerund
Participle
Transitive verb:- It is a verb that denotes an action which passes over from the subject to an object.
Examples
1. She is writing a letter. (what)
2. He is teaching his brother. (whom)
Note- When we get the answer of ‘what or whom’, the verb becomes transitive as
Example
1. What is she writing?
The answer is letter that means the verb is transitive.
2. Whom is he teaching?
The answer is his brother, so the verb is transitive.
2. Intransitive verb:- It is a verb that does not denote any action which passes over to an object.
Examples
1. He was standing at the gate.
2. She is running very fast.
Note- In the above two sentences, we don’t get the answer of ‘What or Whom’ that’s why they are intransitive verbs.
Rule1:- Most transitive verbs take a single object but such transitive verbs as give, ask, offer, promise, tell, buy, purchase, show etc. take two objects (direct & indirect) after them.
i. Indirect object:- It denotes the person to whom something is given or done.
ii. Direct object:- It is generally used to indicate something.
S.N. subject Verb Indirect object Direct object
1. I gave You a book
2. She told me a secret
3. He bought her a novel
4. Sonia explained me a story
Rule2:- If the direct object is used before indirect object, it must be followed by a suitable preposition.
S.N. Subject Verb Direct object Prep Indirect object
1. I gave a book to you
2. She told a secret to me
3. He bought a novel for me
Rule 3:- Some verbs can be used as both transitive and intransitive.
Used transitively Used intransitively
1. A small hole can sink the ship 1. The ship sank suddenly.
2. Why don’t you ring the bell on time? 2. The bell is ringing slowly
3. Please stop the car. 3. The car stopped slowly.
4. She often speaks the truth. 4. She speaks fluently.
5. I feel a severe pain in my leg. 5. How do you feel here?
Some confusing pairs of verbs
1. Bear bore borne - To give birth
Bear bore born - to tolerate
2. Fall fell fallen - to descend freely
Fell felled felled - to bring sth down
3. Find found found - to come across
Found founded founded - to establish
4. Fly flew flown - to move in air
Flow flowed flowed - to move
5.Grind ground ground - t o reduce to power
Ground grounded grounded - to bring to the ground
6. Hang hanged hanged - to execute sb.
Hang hung hung - to suspend from peg.
7. Lie lied lied - To tell an untruth
Lie lay lain - to be ina horizontal position
Lay laid laid - to keep in a horizontal position/ to hatch eggs
8. Rend rent rent - to tear
Rent rented rented - to grant possession in lieu of a fixed amount
9. Rise rose risen - to get up
Raise raised raised - to uplift
10. See saw seen - to perceive by sight
Saw sawed sawed/sawn - to cut
11. Wind wound wound - to wrap/coil
Wound wounded wounded - to injure
Examples
1. He was borne in a poor family but brought up in an affluent family. (incorrect)
2. He was born in a poor family but brought up in an affluent family. (correct)
3. The woodcutter fell trees while his son gathered the wood. (incorrect)
4. The woodcutter felled trees while his son gathered the wood. (correct)
5. The university was found in 1950 when India was not self dependent in many aspects. (incorrect)
6. The university was founded in 1950 when India was not self dependent in many aspects. (correct)
7. There are people who want to humiliate you and ground you down. (incorrect)
8. There are people who want to humiliate you and grind you down. (correct)
9. Having considered pros and cons of the matter, the jury came to the final decision that the criminal should be hung. (incorrect)
10. Having considered pros and cons of the matter, the jury came to the final decision that the criminal should be hanged. (correct)
11. He lay his luggage aside and lay down to rest for a while. (incorrect)
12. He laid his luggage aside and lay down to rest for a while. (correct)
13. Having completed his work, he laid down to take a rest. (incorrect)
14. Having completed his work, he lay down to take a rest. (correct)
15. Rise your hands if you agree to what I say. (incorrect)
16. Raise your hands if you agree to what I say. (correct)
17. The river has flown out of its banks. (incorrect)
18. The river has flowed out of its banks. (correct)
Non-Finite verb
Infinitive Participle Gerund
1. Infinitive:- An infinitive is the base form of a verb that is generally preceded by ‘to’.
Examples
1. He has decided to visit Nainital.
2. They have decided to visit Nainital.
3. Zaid and Saif have decided to visit Nainital.
4. We have decided to visit Nainital.
Note- ‘To visit’ is an infinitive and it remains the same whether the subject is singular or plural while finite verbs keep changing with the subject you can clearly see in the above sentences.
Use of Infinitive
1. As the subject of a verb-
Examples
a. To make mistakes is natural.
b. To tell a lie is bad habit.
2. As the object of a transitive verb.
Examples
a. She likes to sing a song.
b. He does not want to disclose the secret.
3. As the complement of a verb.
Examples
a. His greatest happiness to get a job.
b. He is to write a letter.
4. As the object of a preposition.
Examples
a. It is about to rain.
b. You have no choice but (except) to speak the truth.
5. As an object complement.
Examples
a. He bought a pen to write with.
b. She wants him to go.
6. To qualify a verb, usually to express purpose/ cause.
Examples
a. She came to sell her car. (purpose)
b. We eat to live. (purpose)
c. Her mother wept to see her daughter run over by a car. (cause)
7. To qualify an adjective.
Examples
a. The girls are curious to know.
b. She is glad to see him.
8. To qualify a noun.
Examples
a. I have written this book to be read.
b. This is the time to go home.
Some Important Rules
Rule1:- Some verbs are generally followed by the infinitive form of a verb.
Agree, attempt, begin, choose, continue, care, cease, decide, determine, desire, dislike, endeavor, expect, fear, forget, hate, hope, intend, like, love, learn, offer, propose, prefer, promise, remember, try, wish, want.
Examples
1. She wants to read this book.
2. He forgot to call his friend yesterday.
3. Have you learnt how to drive a bike?
Rule2:- Some verbs are used with the infinitive without ‘to’ or with bare infinitive.
Se, help, dare, need, make, let, and bid.
Examples
1. He made me to sing a song. (incorrect)
2. He won’t let the police to investigate the case. (incorrect)
3. He won’t let the police investigate the case. (correct)
4. You need not to worry about this. (incorrect)
5. You need not worry about this. (correct)
Note- When ‘need and dare’ are used as main verbs we can use infinitive with ‘to’ after them. See the chapter of Auxiliary verb.
Rule3:- Would rather, rather than, sooner than, had better and had rather are followed by the infinitive without ‘to’.(1st Form of a verb)
Examples
1. He would rather to come by car as compared to bike. (incorrect)
2. He would rather come by car as compared to bike. (correct)
3. You had better to catch the train for Delhi. (incorrect)
4. You had better catch the train for Delhi. (correct)
5. We would rather to die than suffer so. (incorrect)
6. We would rather die than suffer so. (correct)
Rule4:- Will, shall, should, would, can, could, may, might and must are also followed by the infinitive without ‘to’. (1st Form of a verb)
Examples
1. You will to reach the station on time. (incorrect)
2. You will reach the station on time. (correct)
3. Could you to lend me ear? (incorrect)
4. Could you lend me ear? (incorrect)
Active Passive
To write to be written
To have written to have been written
1. I want to write a letter. (active)
2. I want a letter to be written. (passive)
Participle
A participle is a word that acts as a verb as well as an adjective. It is formed by an adding ‘ing’ in the first form of a verb as dance + ing = dancing
There are three types of participles.
1. V1st + ing = present participle as drinking.
2. V3rd = past participle as drunken.
3. Having + V3rd = perfect participle as having drunken.
Examples-
1. We saw a girl singing a song. (present participle)
2. Drinking water is available everywhere. (present participle)
3. He is taking classes for spoken English. (past participle)
4. Shortlisted candidates can be called for interview. (past participle)
5. Having taken breakfast, he went to school. (perfect participle)
6. Having written a letter, he sent it to his friend. (perfect participle)
Some important rules
Rule1:- Some verbs are followed by a noun/ pronoun + present participle.
Listen, look, hear, see, smell, observe, perceive, catch, keep, leave and start.
Examples
1. She left the tap run. (incorrect)
2. She left the tap running. (correct)
3. I saw him danced. (incorrect)
4. I saw him dancing. (correct)
Rule2:- Some verbs are followed by a noun / pronoun + past participle.
Like, prefer, wish, want, get and have.
Examples
1. He has got his marriage registering. (incorrect)
2. He has got his marriage registered. (correct)
3. Saif likes his bike fine tuning. (incorrect)
4. Saif likes his bike fine-tuned. (correct)
Rule3:- Don’t use present participle for the action that is not happening at the time speaking.
Examples
1. He took my book on Monday, returning it 2 days later. (incorrect)
2. He took my book on Monday and returned it 2 days later. (correct)
Correct use of participle
Examples
1. Being a rainy day, we did not go to school. (incorrect)
2. It being a rainy day, we did not go to school. (correct)
3. Being a beautiful girl, everybody wants to talk to her. (incorrect)
4. She being a beautiful girl, everybody wants to talk to her. (correct)
5. While crossing the road, a car ran down an old man. (incorrect)
6. While crossing the road, an old man was run down by a car. (correct)
7. While an old man was crossing the road, a car ran down him. (incorrect)
8. Having talked to her over the phone, an essay was written by me. (incorrect)
9. Having talked to her over the phone, I wrote an essay. (correct)
Rule4:- We generally use V1st + ing form of a verb after all preposition except ‘to’.
Examples
1. She insisted on go there, though her husband forbade her. (incorrect)
2. She insisted on going there, though her husband forbade her. (correct)
3. Her mother prevented her from go out at night. (incorrect)
4. Her mother prevented her from going out at night. (correct)
Gerund
Gerund: - A gerund is that form of a verb which ends in ‘ing’ and has the force of a noun and a verb.
See the following examples-
1. Sonia is drinking water. (present continuous tense)
2. Sonia has bought water for drinking. (gerund)
3. Sonia has bought drinking water. (present participle)
Rule1:- A ‘noun or pronoun’ coming before gerund should be in the possessive case.
Examples
1. I don’t like Zaid asking me personal questions. (incorrect)
2. I don’t like Zaid’s asking me personal questions. (correct)
3. It depends upon you passing the exam with flying colours. (incorrect)
4. It depends upon your passing the exam with flying colours. (correct)
Rule2:- Some verbs are followed by gerund.
Like, avoid, detest, enjoy, help, keep, prevent, risk, stop and mind.
Examples
1. We risked losing a lot of money.
2. Why do you avoid meeting me?
Rule3:- These words are used with gerund.
Be used to, look forward to, accustomed to, averse to, with a view to, addicted to, devoted to, in addition to, object to, owing to, given to, taken to, prone to, is no use, tired of, is worth + gerund. (V1st + ing)
Examples
1. I have been looking forward to meet you for 2 hours. (incorrect)
2. I have been looking forward to meeting you for 2 hours. (incorrect)
3. He addicted to smoke. (incorrect)
4. He addicted to smoking. (correct)
5. She is used to get up with the lark. (incorrect)
6. She is used to getting up with the lark. (correct)
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